Targeting transnational environmental crime through a multifaceted approach: Towards an inclusive governance of serious threats to sustainable development

This article first identifies the drivers, perpetrators, manifestations and impacts of transnational environmental crime (TEC). Based on these, it identifies and analyses targeted command and control mechanisms. The article then discusses consensual instruments and addresses innovative, inclusive cooperation tools and awareness-raising initiatives. The complex dynamics underpinning TEC require a shift from mere public regulation and a related enforcement-based approach to a multifaceted governance paradigm where the public action coexists and interacts with the inclusive contribution of non-state actors, legitimate business and citizens.