Assumption of fruits and vegetables rich in antioxidant compounds, such as polyphenols and carotenoids, is highly appreciated by consumers considering their health effects on humans. Citrus fruits are appreciated for their nutritional and nutraceutical properties. However, no citrus fruits highly accumulating both anthocyanins and lycopene are commonly detectable in nature, so several strategies have been established to try to combine the presence of both compounds in fruit. Traditional breeding methods are time consuming for woody plants and require many resources; considering the advancements of New Plants Breeding Techniques (NPBTs), the CRISPR/Cas9 technology has been used to attempt the production of citrus varieties enriched in both pigments. First, the differential gene expression of phytoene synthase (PSY), beta-cyclase 2 (β-LCY2), GTP-binding protein (genes related to the biosynthesis and accumulation patten of lycopene), was evaluated in pulp and albedo of lycopene-rich sweet orange, grapefruit and pummelo species, compared with non-pigmented mutants. This study improved the understanding of genetic variability for lycopene accumulation, of which new findings will be useful for supporting traditional breeding programs and the use of cisgenesis and genome editing, with the aim to improve the content of antioxidant compounds in citrus fruits. Reviewing what was previously done in tomato, we edited β-LCY2 through a dual-sgRNA approach, to induce lycopene accumulation in anthocyanin-rich sweet orange varieties. The knockout of β-LCY2 has been performed on ‘Doppio Sanguigno’ sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) and on ‘Carrizo citrange’ (C. sinensis L. Osbeck × Poncirus trifoliata Raf.), a model species for the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of citrus. Overall, 23 ‘Doppio Sanguigno’ and 7 ‘Carrizo citrange’ edited plantlets have been generated, with a mutation rate of 85% and 100%, respectively. The most frequent mutations were deletions (-5 nucleotides) on ‘Doppio Sanguigno’ and insertions (+1 nucleotide) on ‘Carrizo citrange’, both able to generate a frameshift and incorrect translation of the protein. Astonishingly, 43% of ‘Doppio Sanguigno’ and 71% of ‘Carrizo citrange’ plantlets present the same mutation in all cells produced, that may induce to exclude heterozygous/chimeric events. Although these are preliminary results, and the phenotype can only be observed in the next proximal future, this work is original and represents a new approach to use the CRISPR/Cas9 technology, in order to improve qualitative trait in citrus fruit.
Il consumo di frutti ricchi in composti antiossidanti è fortemente apprezzato dai consumatori, essendo noti i loro effetti benevoli per la salute umana, grazie alla loro abbondanza in sostanze ad alto valore nutrizionale e nutraceutico. Tuttavia, in natura, non esistono frutti di agrumi ricchi in antocianine e licopene, pertanto, diverse strategie sono state messe a punto per ottenere frutti che coniugano entrambi i pigmenti. Nelle piante arboree, il miglioramento genetico convenzionale necessita tempi lunghi e molte risorse; per questo motivo, grazie ai recenti avanzamenti delle tecnologie di evoluzione assistita, è stato adottato un approccio di tipo “CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing”, per cercare di ottenere frutti di agrumi arricchiti in entrambi i pigmenti. Inizialmente, sono stati valutati i diversi livelli di espressione genica della fitoene sintasi (PSY), beta ciclasi 2 (β-LCY2) e GTP binding-protein (geni legati alla sintesi e accumulo di licopene) in polpa e albedo di arancio dolce, pompelmo e pummelo ricchi in licopene, confrontandoli con i corrispettivi mutanti non pigmentati ampliando, in questo modo, la conoscenza dei meccanismi responsabili dell’accumulo di licopene. Queste nuove scoperte possono essere strategiche sia nei programmi di breeding che per supportare l’utilizzo della cisgenesi e del genome editing, al fine di aumentare il contenuto in composti antiossidanti degli agrumi. Basandosi su quanto è già stato fatto in pomodoro, il gene β-LCY2 è stato editato tramite un approccio a ‘doppia guida’, per aumentare il contenuto di licopene in arance ricche di antocianine. La β-LCY2 è stata disattivata nelle varietà ‘Doppio sanguigno’ e ‘Carrizo citrange’ (specie modello per la trasformazione mediata da Agrobacterium negli agrumi). Nel complesso, sono state generate 23 piante editate di ‘Doppio sanguigno’ e 7 di ‘Carrizo citrange’, riportando, rispettivamente, un tasso di mutazione dell’85% e del 100%. Le mutazioni più frequenti sono state delezioni (-5 nucleotidi) nel ‘Doppio Sanguigno’ e inserzioni (+1 nucleotide) nel ‘Carrizo citrange’, in grado di modificare il frameshift di lettura e la conseguente incorretta traduzione della proteina. Sorprendentemente, il 43% delle piante di ‘Doppio Sanguigno’ e il 71% di ‘Carrizo citrange’ presentano lo stesso evento di editing in tutte le cellule prodotte, che potrebbe indurci nell’escludere gli eventi di eterozigosi/chimerismo. Sebbene i risultati siano preliminari, e il fenotipo sarà visibile solo nel prossimo futuro, questo lavoro rappresenta il primo esempio di utilizzo della tecnologia CRISPR/Cas9, al fine di aumentare i tratti qualitativi dei frutti di agrumi.
GENOME EDITING, A NEW BIOTECNOLOGICAL APPROACH TO PRODUCE LYCOPENE-RICH PIGMENTED ORANGES / Salonia, Fabrizio. - (2022 Mar 24).
GENOME EDITING, A NEW BIOTECNOLOGICAL APPROACH TO PRODUCE LYCOPENE-RICH PIGMENTED ORANGES
SALONIA, FABRIZIO
2022-03-24
Abstract
Assumption of fruits and vegetables rich in antioxidant compounds, such as polyphenols and carotenoids, is highly appreciated by consumers considering their health effects on humans. Citrus fruits are appreciated for their nutritional and nutraceutical properties. However, no citrus fruits highly accumulating both anthocyanins and lycopene are commonly detectable in nature, so several strategies have been established to try to combine the presence of both compounds in fruit. Traditional breeding methods are time consuming for woody plants and require many resources; considering the advancements of New Plants Breeding Techniques (NPBTs), the CRISPR/Cas9 technology has been used to attempt the production of citrus varieties enriched in both pigments. First, the differential gene expression of phytoene synthase (PSY), beta-cyclase 2 (β-LCY2), GTP-binding protein (genes related to the biosynthesis and accumulation patten of lycopene), was evaluated in pulp and albedo of lycopene-rich sweet orange, grapefruit and pummelo species, compared with non-pigmented mutants. This study improved the understanding of genetic variability for lycopene accumulation, of which new findings will be useful for supporting traditional breeding programs and the use of cisgenesis and genome editing, with the aim to improve the content of antioxidant compounds in citrus fruits. Reviewing what was previously done in tomato, we edited β-LCY2 through a dual-sgRNA approach, to induce lycopene accumulation in anthocyanin-rich sweet orange varieties. The knockout of β-LCY2 has been performed on ‘Doppio Sanguigno’ sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) and on ‘Carrizo citrange’ (C. sinensis L. Osbeck × Poncirus trifoliata Raf.), a model species for the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of citrus. Overall, 23 ‘Doppio Sanguigno’ and 7 ‘Carrizo citrange’ edited plantlets have been generated, with a mutation rate of 85% and 100%, respectively. The most frequent mutations were deletions (-5 nucleotides) on ‘Doppio Sanguigno’ and insertions (+1 nucleotide) on ‘Carrizo citrange’, both able to generate a frameshift and incorrect translation of the protein. Astonishingly, 43% of ‘Doppio Sanguigno’ and 71% of ‘Carrizo citrange’ plantlets present the same mutation in all cells produced, that may induce to exclude heterozygous/chimeric events. Although these are preliminary results, and the phenotype can only be observed in the next proximal future, this work is original and represents a new approach to use the CRISPR/Cas9 technology, in order to improve qualitative trait in citrus fruit.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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