Radiopharmaceuticals are unique medicinal formulations containing radionuclides, that are used in various clinical areas for diagnosis and/or therapy, as a fundamental tool for nuclear medicine procedures. Such radionuclides are bound to a ligand, which selectively accumulates into a target tissue, allowing either a precise imaging for accurate diagnosis or/and a focalized treatment. Cholecystokinin (CCK) 2 receptor (gastrin receptor; CCK2R) is a G-protein coupled receptor normally expressed in the central nervous system and in the gastric mucosa cells. It is a target studied in nuclear medicine as it is overexpressed in different tumor types such as pancreatic, medullary thyroid, lung, breast, ovarian, GI tract and colon, but displays a limited expression in normal tissues. In the last decade, several radiotracers have been developed to detect its expression using nuclear medicine techniques. Radiotracers based on analogues of endogenous peptides exhibited some issues, mainly due to their high kidneys retention. To overcome their limits, the development of radiotracers based on small molecules is one of the ways currently explored. Nastorazepide is a 1,5-benzodiazepine derivative whose selectivity for CCK2 receptor has been reported. Thus, a set of new radiopharmaceuticals based on the Nastorazepide vector were designed within the project “Isolpharm” of INFN; precursors were synthesized at department of pharmaceutical science of University of Padova, while the radiolabeling and the in vivo evaluation were carried out respectively at the Nuclear Medicine Department of Cannizzaro Hospital in Catania and the Center for Advanced Preclinical in vivo Research (CAPiR) of University of Catania. The first generation of Isolpharm radiopharmaceuticals bearing the chelator 1,4,7,10-Tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) was radiolabeled with Ga-68 with a radiochemical yield of 44% n.d.c and a radiochemical purity of 94%. Later, the new chelator 1,7-bis(2-(methylsulfanyl)ethyl)-4,10,diaceticacid-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (DO2A2S) designed for softer radiometals, was radiolabeled with high yield (98%) with Cu-64 and its biodistribution on BALB/C mice was in vivo studied through micro-PET/CT scans at three different time point (1h, 4h and 24h p.i.) and ex-vivo through gamma measurements of organs and tissues. Moreover, the stability of the complex [64Cu][Cu(DO2A2S)] in blood and urine was evaluated through radiochemical analyses on samples taken before the sacrifices. The complex showed renal excretion in the first hours post injection and then accumulated mainly in the liver. The radioactivity circulating in blood was low and quite constant except for radioactive decay, whereas in urine decreased dramatically in the first hours post injection according to imaging data. The complex was stable in blood (95%), while in urine it was degraded (50%) already at 4 h p.i. Due to the encouraging results of the in vivo stability of the complex [64Cu][Cu(DO2A2S)], the synthesis of the second generation of Isolpharm radiopharmaceuticals is going on, by conjugating DO2A2S to Nastorazepide through an appropriate linker for future radiolabeling with Cu-64 and preclinical studies on animal model of pathology.
Il percorso di studi sperimentali del presente Ph.D è stato incentrato sullo sviluppo di radiofarmaci innovativi e sulla loro valutazione preclinica. Il progetto è stato inquadrato all’interno della “filiera del radiofarmaco” nata a Catania grazie alla collaborazione instaurata tra il Center for Advanced Preclinical in Vivo (CAPiR) dell’Università di Catania, il reparto di Medicina Nucleare dell’ospedale Cannizzaro di Catania, i Laboratori Nazionali del Sud dell’INFN e l’istituto di fisiologia e bioimmagini (IBFM) del CNR di Cefalù. Diversi progetti sperimentali sono stati sviluppati nel corso dei tre anni, tra questi la sintesi di 1H-1-(3-[18F]fluoro-2-hydroxypropyl)-2-nitroimidazole ([18F]FMISO) e la successiva valutazione preclinica in vivo dell’ipossia tumorale indotta dal trattamento proton-terapico su modello animale di glioblastoma, di cui si riportano gli abstracts presentati come poster a vari congressi di settore; la collaborazione all'interno del progetto di valenza nazionale Isolpharm promosso dall’ Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) ed avente come fine lo sviluppo di nuovi radiofarmaci ad elevata selettività per il recettore della Colecistochinina CCK-2, i cui esperimenti di radiochimica e preclinica svolti rispettivamente presso la medicina nucleare dell’ospedale Cannizzaro ed il CAPiR sono argomento del seguente lavoro di tesi e la cui pubblicazione scientifica è in corso; infine, recentemente è stata intrapresa la radiomarcatura dell’anticorpo monoclonale Trastuzumab ai fini di uno studio preclinico avente come tematica la breast cancer therapy (BCT), i cui dati preliminari ottenuti non sono ancora stati pubblicati. Sintesi e controlli di qualità su radiofarmaci di ultima generazione sono stati, inoltre, implementati a fini clinici, tra questi da segnalare [68Ga]PSMA-11 e [18F]PSMA-1007 che grande importanza stanno acquisendo in diagnostica PET (Positron Emission Tomography) nella stadiazione del tumore della prostata soprattutto nel rivelare la ripresa di malattia in pazienti con bassi livelli di PSA. Anche la sintesi ed i controlli di qualità di radiofarmaci di consolidato uso come [11C]Metionina sono stati oggetto di studio del presente dottorato. Infatti, il radiofarmaco [11C]Metionina è stato utilizzato all’interno di uno studio clinico riguardante la valutazione precoce della risposta al trattamento Gamma Knife su pazienti con lesioni cerebrali, che ha portato alla pubblicazione scientifica sulla rivista Applied Sciences dal titolo “ Early Monitoring Response to Therapy in Patients with Brain Lesions Using the Cumulative SUV Histogram”. Gli aspetti legati alla produzione dei radiofarmaci, dalla produzione degli isotopi radioattivi alle sintesi dei radiofarmaci e relativi controlli di qualità, sono stati approfondito oggetto di studio, portando alla pubblicazione scientifica sulla rivista Radiochemistry journal dal titolo “Cyclotron for PET: System Upgrade after 13 Years of Service” ed alla presentazione orale dal titolo “Cyclotron upgrade and New Research Labs at Cannizzaro Hospital” al congresso internazionale “IBA PET Users Meeting 2019” – 8-12 Settembre 2019, Krasnoyarsk, Siberia, Russia. In conclusione, il percorso di studi ha permesso di acquisire conoscenze e competenze nel settore della ricerca scientifica radiofarmaceutica e di instaurare numerose collaborazioni con istituzioni universitarie e di ricerca sul territorio nazionale, fondamentali nel bagaglio di un futuro ricercatore del settore.
Development of new radiopharmaceuticals targeting the Cholecystokinin 2 receptor / Pometti, MARCO ANTONIO. - (2022 Apr 08).
Development of new radiopharmaceuticals targeting the Cholecystokinin 2 receptor
POMETTI, MARCO ANTONIO
2022-04-08
Abstract
Radiopharmaceuticals are unique medicinal formulations containing radionuclides, that are used in various clinical areas for diagnosis and/or therapy, as a fundamental tool for nuclear medicine procedures. Such radionuclides are bound to a ligand, which selectively accumulates into a target tissue, allowing either a precise imaging for accurate diagnosis or/and a focalized treatment. Cholecystokinin (CCK) 2 receptor (gastrin receptor; CCK2R) is a G-protein coupled receptor normally expressed in the central nervous system and in the gastric mucosa cells. It is a target studied in nuclear medicine as it is overexpressed in different tumor types such as pancreatic, medullary thyroid, lung, breast, ovarian, GI tract and colon, but displays a limited expression in normal tissues. In the last decade, several radiotracers have been developed to detect its expression using nuclear medicine techniques. Radiotracers based on analogues of endogenous peptides exhibited some issues, mainly due to their high kidneys retention. To overcome their limits, the development of radiotracers based on small molecules is one of the ways currently explored. Nastorazepide is a 1,5-benzodiazepine derivative whose selectivity for CCK2 receptor has been reported. Thus, a set of new radiopharmaceuticals based on the Nastorazepide vector were designed within the project “Isolpharm” of INFN; precursors were synthesized at department of pharmaceutical science of University of Padova, while the radiolabeling and the in vivo evaluation were carried out respectively at the Nuclear Medicine Department of Cannizzaro Hospital in Catania and the Center for Advanced Preclinical in vivo Research (CAPiR) of University of Catania. The first generation of Isolpharm radiopharmaceuticals bearing the chelator 1,4,7,10-Tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) was radiolabeled with Ga-68 with a radiochemical yield of 44% n.d.c and a radiochemical purity of 94%. Later, the new chelator 1,7-bis(2-(methylsulfanyl)ethyl)-4,10,diaceticacid-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (DO2A2S) designed for softer radiometals, was radiolabeled with high yield (98%) with Cu-64 and its biodistribution on BALB/C mice was in vivo studied through micro-PET/CT scans at three different time point (1h, 4h and 24h p.i.) and ex-vivo through gamma measurements of organs and tissues. Moreover, the stability of the complex [64Cu][Cu(DO2A2S)] in blood and urine was evaluated through radiochemical analyses on samples taken before the sacrifices. The complex showed renal excretion in the first hours post injection and then accumulated mainly in the liver. The radioactivity circulating in blood was low and quite constant except for radioactive decay, whereas in urine decreased dramatically in the first hours post injection according to imaging data. The complex was stable in blood (95%), while in urine it was degraded (50%) already at 4 h p.i. Due to the encouraging results of the in vivo stability of the complex [64Cu][Cu(DO2A2S)], the synthesis of the second generation of Isolpharm radiopharmaceuticals is going on, by conjugating DO2A2S to Nastorazepide through an appropriate linker for future radiolabeling with Cu-64 and preclinical studies on animal model of pathology.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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