The project of this Ph.D. thesis aimed at highlighting the role of IGF2 transported by spermatozoa in human embryogenesis, based on the following concepts: i) IGF2 is a paternally imprinted gene, whose expression differs between male and female gametes; and ii) it is a mitotic factor that improves cell growth and development. The hypothesis of a function of sperm-carried IGF2 in enhancing embryo growth seems fascinating and could offer new insights into possible new diagnostic markers of idiopathic male infertility. With the full support of my Tutor and the help of all the national and international Colleagues who collaborated with us to achieve the goals of this research project, we were able to write a previously unknown part of the story on the role of IGF2 on human reproduction. First, we have shown that human spermatozoa transport not only IGF2 mRNA, but also its protein. We have found that it is localized within sperm cytoplasm, in the sub acrosomal region, which makes it plausible the hypothesis that it is carried within the cytoplasm of the oocyte. By incubating porcine SCs with rhIGF2, we found that it can modulate the expression of mitogens, which participate in the regulation of spermatogenesis. Therefore, this can configure a paracrine mechanism through which spermatogenesis could be regulated. Further efforts should be done in the future to explore the effects of rhIGF2 on the mitogenic proteins secreted by SCs. Sperm RNAs may influence the very early stage of embryo development. Our correlation analysis between sperm IGF2 mRNA content and human embryo morphokinetic parameters, interestingly, revealed a negative correlation with tPN fading and t2. This suggests that an insufficient amount of sperm Igf2 mRNA could be associated with a delay in PN fading and in reaching the two-cell stage. In turn, this poorly predicts embryo growth. A hypomethylation of the H19 gene (which regulates the expression of the IGF2 gene) has been observed in spermatozoa of infertile patients, including those whose female partners show RPL. Future research is needed to clarify whether infertile patients carry lower levels of IGF2 mRNA in their spermatozoa compared to fertile controls. Finally, we ambitiously attempted to assess the impact of rIGF2 and Igf2 mRNA on the rate of mouse blastocyst formation and genome expression. Contrary to our expectations, and even to some emerging data, we found a significantly lower rate of blastocyst formation in embryos cultured with rIGF2 compared to those cultured with vehicle. The parthenotes model was used to avoid any contamination with the paternal genome. Transcriptome analysis showed that Igf2 (the protein and/or mRNA) can potentially influence the plasticity of the embryo as the differentiation pathways of the mesoderm and endoderm are modulated. This represents a valuable finding, which could document the pivotal role of IGF2 in embryogenesis. In line with this, cell proliferation and angiogenesis signaling pathways were also activated. Very interestingly, the steroidogenic and the androgen receptor signaling pathways were also activated by IGF2. Furthermore, rIGF2 influenced the expression of genes involved in spermatogenesis, cardiovascular diseases, autism, immunity, and cancer. The question then arises, whether spermatozoa with low IGF2 levels may be involved in the pathogenesis of the comorbidities described in the offspring conceived by ART. We plan to study the health of mice born with IVF using spermatozoa with a selective knockout of the Igf2 gene. We are still a long way from considering sperm-transported IGF2 as a diagnostic target for male idiopathic infertility, but we hope that our current and future findings will pave the way for a better understanding of this issue, hopefully in an attempt to partially respond to the need to understand the pathogenesis of “apparently” idiopathic male infertility.
Lo scopo del di questo progetto è comprendere il ruolo dell’IGF2 trasportato dagli spermatozoi nella embriogenesi umana, basandosi sui seguenti presupposti: i) l’IGF2 è un gene imprinted espresso dal cromosoma di linea paterna, la cui espressione differisce nei due gameti; ii) è un fattore mitotico che stimola la proliferazione cellulare. L’ipotesi di una funzione dell’IGF2 trasportato dagli spermatozoi nella crescita embrionale è molto interessante e potrebbe offrire spunti per l’identificazione di nuovi marcatori diagnostici della infertilità maschile idiopatica. Con il pieno support del mio Tutor e l’aiuto di Colleghi nazionali e internazionali che hanno collaborato con noi per il raggiungimento degli obiettivi di questo Progetto di ricerca, siamo stati in grado di scrivere una parte precedentemente sconosciuta della storia relativa al ruolo dell’IGF2 nella riproduzione umana. Per prima cosa, abbiamo mostrato che gli spermatozoi umani trasportano l’IGF2 mRNA e la proteina. Quest’ultima è espressa a livello citoplasmatico, nella regione sub-acrosomiale, il che è compatibile con l’ipotesi che esso sia veicolato all’interno dell’oocita durante la fertilizzazione. Incubando cellule di Sertoli di suino prepubere con IGF2, abbiamo provato come esso down-regoli l’espressione di mitogeni, i quali partecipano nella regolazione della spermatogenesi. Pertanto, l’IGF2 potrebbe esercitare un meccanismo di feedback negative e regolare la spermatogenesi con un meccanismo paracrino. L’RNA spermatico sembra avere un ruolo nelle fasi precoci dello sviluppo embrionale. La nostra analisi di correlazione tra i livelli di IGF2 spermatico e i parametri di morfocinetica embrionale ha mostrato una correlazione negativa con il tempo di scomparsa dei pronuclei e con il tempo di raggiungimento dello stadio di embrione a due cellule. Questo suggerisce che un livello insufficiente di IGF2 spermatico potrebbe associarsi a un ritardo delle primissime fasi dello sviluppo embrionale. A sua volta, questo predice negativamente la crescita dell’embrione. Una ipometilazione del gene H19 (che regola l’espressione di IGF2) è stata osservata negli spermatozoi di pazienti infertili, incluso i partner di donne con aborti ripetuti. Future ricerche sono necessarie per chiarire se i pazienti infertili trasportano livelli di IGF2 spermatico inferiori rispetto ai controlli fertili. Infine, abbiamo analizzato gli effetti della incubazione di IGF2 sulla espressione genetica di embrioni murini allo stadio di blastocisti. L’analisi del trascrittoma ha mostrato che l’IGF2 potrebbe essere in grado di influenzare la plasticità dell’embrione, in quanto le pathway per la differenziazione del mesoderma ed endoderma sono risultate modulate. Questo rappresenta un risultato importante, che suggerisce il ruolo dell’IGF2 spermatico nella embriogenesi. In linea con questo, l’IGF2 è risultato modulare le pathway della proliferazione cellulare e dell’angiogenesi. Geni coinvolti nella spermatogenesi, malattie cardiovascolari, autismo, malattie autoimmuni e carcinogenesi sono risultati differenzialmente espressi. La domanda relativa al possibile ruolo di bassi livelli di IGF2 spermatico nella patogenesi delle comorbilità riscontrata nei bambini nati da PMA sorge dunque spontanea. Siamo ancora distanti dal considerare l’IGF2 spermatico come un target diagnostico della infertilità maschile idiopatica, ma speriamo che i dati di questo studio e di quelli futuri possano aiutare a comprendere meglio questo aspetto, nel tentativo di rispondere al bisogno di comprendere la patogenesi della infertilità apparentemente idiopatica.
Espressione spermatica di fattori di crescita embrio-placentare: possibili target diagnostici? / Cannarella, Rossella. - (2022 Dec 20).
Espressione spermatica di fattori di crescita embrio-placentare: possibili target diagnostici?
CANNARELLA, ROSSELLA
2022-12-20
Abstract
The project of this Ph.D. thesis aimed at highlighting the role of IGF2 transported by spermatozoa in human embryogenesis, based on the following concepts: i) IGF2 is a paternally imprinted gene, whose expression differs between male and female gametes; and ii) it is a mitotic factor that improves cell growth and development. The hypothesis of a function of sperm-carried IGF2 in enhancing embryo growth seems fascinating and could offer new insights into possible new diagnostic markers of idiopathic male infertility. With the full support of my Tutor and the help of all the national and international Colleagues who collaborated with us to achieve the goals of this research project, we were able to write a previously unknown part of the story on the role of IGF2 on human reproduction. First, we have shown that human spermatozoa transport not only IGF2 mRNA, but also its protein. We have found that it is localized within sperm cytoplasm, in the sub acrosomal region, which makes it plausible the hypothesis that it is carried within the cytoplasm of the oocyte. By incubating porcine SCs with rhIGF2, we found that it can modulate the expression of mitogens, which participate in the regulation of spermatogenesis. Therefore, this can configure a paracrine mechanism through which spermatogenesis could be regulated. Further efforts should be done in the future to explore the effects of rhIGF2 on the mitogenic proteins secreted by SCs. Sperm RNAs may influence the very early stage of embryo development. Our correlation analysis between sperm IGF2 mRNA content and human embryo morphokinetic parameters, interestingly, revealed a negative correlation with tPN fading and t2. This suggests that an insufficient amount of sperm Igf2 mRNA could be associated with a delay in PN fading and in reaching the two-cell stage. In turn, this poorly predicts embryo growth. A hypomethylation of the H19 gene (which regulates the expression of the IGF2 gene) has been observed in spermatozoa of infertile patients, including those whose female partners show RPL. Future research is needed to clarify whether infertile patients carry lower levels of IGF2 mRNA in their spermatozoa compared to fertile controls. Finally, we ambitiously attempted to assess the impact of rIGF2 and Igf2 mRNA on the rate of mouse blastocyst formation and genome expression. Contrary to our expectations, and even to some emerging data, we found a significantly lower rate of blastocyst formation in embryos cultured with rIGF2 compared to those cultured with vehicle. The parthenotes model was used to avoid any contamination with the paternal genome. Transcriptome analysis showed that Igf2 (the protein and/or mRNA) can potentially influence the plasticity of the embryo as the differentiation pathways of the mesoderm and endoderm are modulated. This represents a valuable finding, which could document the pivotal role of IGF2 in embryogenesis. In line with this, cell proliferation and angiogenesis signaling pathways were also activated. Very interestingly, the steroidogenic and the androgen receptor signaling pathways were also activated by IGF2. Furthermore, rIGF2 influenced the expression of genes involved in spermatogenesis, cardiovascular diseases, autism, immunity, and cancer. The question then arises, whether spermatozoa with low IGF2 levels may be involved in the pathogenesis of the comorbidities described in the offspring conceived by ART. We plan to study the health of mice born with IVF using spermatozoa with a selective knockout of the Igf2 gene. We are still a long way from considering sperm-transported IGF2 as a diagnostic target for male idiopathic infertility, but we hope that our current and future findings will pave the way for a better understanding of this issue, hopefully in an attempt to partially respond to the need to understand the pathogenesis of “apparently” idiopathic male infertility.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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