European Union Climate Change Policy: in the nexus of internal policy-making and international negotiations

The aim of the dissertation is to examine the European Union s climate policy in the nexus of domestic policy-making and international negotiations. I firstly test the EU s internal climate policy-making by applying the rational choice institutionalism on the model of institution and preference affect EU s policy outcomes and conclude that: as the EU has a convergent preference, the EU s unique decision-making procedure, the entrepreneurship and EU s membership had been driving EU s climate policies into preferable outcomes. As the EU s preference is divergent, for instance, in the case of adopting the EU emission trading scheme (EU ETS) after the signature of the Kyoto Protocol, external factors affected the EU s divergent preferences and unified it to approve the ETS in the EU-wide. Second, I examined the relations of the EU s internal climate policy-making and international negotiations by applying the two-level game approach. I conclude that the Kyoto Protocol has a crucial impact on the development of EU s climate change policy in terms of driving the EU s internal climate policy-making into a regulatory, centralised and market-based instruments direction. In return, the sophisticated EU instruments, such as the EU ETS, are becoming more influential at the international climate negotiations since the aviation industry was included into the emission trading.