Mediterranean countries, including Spain and Italy, dominate the global fresh citrus fruit trade. The citrus industry in EU Mediterranean countries prioritizes high-quality products like blood oranges, with a focus on consumer health. However, fungal diseases, particularly green mold caused by Penicillium digitatum, present significant challenges, resulting in substantial post-harvest losses. Some disease-causing agents are categorized as quarantine or recommended as regulated non-quarantine pests (RNQPs) by the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). Various fungi contribute to post-harvest decay, with some producing mycotoxins that can contaminate fruit or juices. The objectives of this doctoral thesis were as follows: i. Characterize the mycotoxins produced by Alternaria alternata, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and Penicillium digitatum in blood orange fruit. ii. Establish a rapid and reliable molecular diagnostic method for in situ detection of the anamorphic fungus Plenodomus tracheiphilus, the causal agent of Mal secco disease (MSD) of lemons. iii. Evaluate the effectiveness of Candida oleophila as a sustainable alternative to commercial fungicides for post-harvest fruit treatments to prevent green mold incited by P. digitatum. Regarding the first objective, mycotoxins and secondary metabolites produced by A. alternata, C. gloeosporioides, and P. digitatum in blood orange fruit were analyzed using UHPLC–Q-TOF-MS. Three types of fruit were selected per cultivar: asymptomatic, symptomatic showing necrotic lesions caused by hail, and mummified. Among 47 secondary metabolites identified, 16, 18, and 13 were of A. alternata, C. gloeosporioides, and P. digitatum, respectively. The metabolic profiles of the peel were similar between hail-damaged and asymptomatic fruit, while the juice of the mummified fruit showed significantly higher levels of specific compounds and mycotoxins (patulin and Rubratoxin B), associated exclusively with the presence of P. digitatum. Consistently with the second objective, a novel diagnostic assay utilizing recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) technology was developed for detecting P. tracheiphilus. RPA assay achieved sensitivity comparable to that of the Real Time-PCR test and even more sensitive in tests on DNA samples obtained through a rapid extraction method, highlighting the potential of RPA in citrus disease management. Regarding the third objective, the study focused on assessing the effectiveness of the biological control agent C. oleophila in managing green mold induced by P. digitatum in different stages of the post-harvest supply chain. Results revealed that C. oleophila demonstrated notable effectiveness in decreasing the incidence of green mold symptoms. Furthermore, the research has provided insights into the molecular mechanisms of citrus fruit's defensive response to C. oleophila treatment.
I paesi mediterranei, inclusi Spagna e Italia, dominano il commercio globale degli agrumi freschi. L'industria degli agrumi nei paesi mediterranei dell'UE privilegia prodotti di alta qualità come le arance rosse, con un focus sulla salute dei consumatori. Tuttavia, le malattie fungine, in particolare la muffa verde causata da Penicillium digitatum, presentano sfide significative, provocando consistenti perdite post-raccolta. Alcuni agenti patogeni sono classificati come da quarantena o raccomandati come parassiti regolamentati non da quarantena (RNQPs) dall'Organizzazione Europea e Mediterranea per la Protezione delle Piante (EPPO). Vari funghi contribuiscono al deterioramento post-raccolta e, alcuni di questi producono micotossine possono contaminare frutti e succhi o altri prodotti derivati. Gli obiettivi di questa tesi di dottorato sono stati i seguenti: i. Caratterizzare le micotossine prodotte da Alternaria alternata, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides e Penicillium digitatum nei frutti di arancia rossa. ii. Sviluppare un metodo diagnostico molecolare rapido e affidabile per la rilevazione in situ del fungo anamorfico Plenodomus tracheiphilus, l'agente causale del Mal secco (MSD) del limone. iii. Valutarel’efficacia di Candida oleophila come alternativa sostenibile al fungicida sintetico Imazalil per trattamenti post-raccolta dei frutti per prevenire la muffa verde causata da P. digitatum. Riguardo al primo obiettivo, micotossine e metaboliti secondari prodotti da A. alternata, C. gloeosporioides e P. digitatum nei frutti di arancia rossa sono stati analizzati utilizzando UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS. Sono stati selezionati tre tipi di frutta per cultivar: asintomatici, sintomatici che mostrano lesioni necrotiche causate dalla grandine e mummificati. Tra i 47 metaboliti secondari identificati, 16, 18 e 13 erano rispettivamente di A. alternata, C. gloeosporioides e P. digitatum. I profili metabolici della buccia erano simili tra frutti feriti dalla grandine e asintomatici, mentre il succo dei frutti mummificati mostrava livelli significativamente più alti di composti specifici e micotossine (patulina e Rubratoxina B), associati esclusivamente alla presenza di P. digitatum. In linea con il secondo obiettivo, è stato sviluppato un nuovo protocollo diagnostico utilizzando la tecnologia di amplificazione conricombinasi e polimerasi (RPA) per la rilevazione di P. tracheiphilus. Il test RPA ha raggiunto una sensibilità paragonabile a quella del test Real Time-PCR e ancora più sensibile nei test su campioni di DNA ottenuti attraverso un rapido metodo di estrazione, evidenziando il potenziale dell'RPA nella gestione delle malattie degli agrumi. Per quanto riguarda il terzo obiettivo, lo studio si è concentrato sulla valutazione dell'efficacia dell'agente di controllo biologico C. oleophila nella gestione della muffa verde indotta da P. digitatum in diverse fasi della catena di approvvigionamento post-raccolta. I risultati hanno rivelato che C. oleophila ha dimostrato una notevole efficacia nel ridurre l'incidenza dei sintomi della muffa verde. Inoltre, la ricerca ha fornito approfondimenti sui meccanismi molecolari della risposta difensiva dei frutti di agrumi al trattamento con C. oleophila.
Soluzioni green e tecnologie innovative per la gestione e la sicurezza post-raccolta dei prodotti alimentari della filiera agrumicola biologica e a residuo zero / Rovetto, ERMES IVAN. - (2024 Jul 29).
Soluzioni green e tecnologie innovative per la gestione e la sicurezza post-raccolta dei prodotti alimentari della filiera agrumicola biologica e a residuo zero
ROVETTO, ERMES IVAN
2024-07-29
Abstract
Mediterranean countries, including Spain and Italy, dominate the global fresh citrus fruit trade. The citrus industry in EU Mediterranean countries prioritizes high-quality products like blood oranges, with a focus on consumer health. However, fungal diseases, particularly green mold caused by Penicillium digitatum, present significant challenges, resulting in substantial post-harvest losses. Some disease-causing agents are categorized as quarantine or recommended as regulated non-quarantine pests (RNQPs) by the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). Various fungi contribute to post-harvest decay, with some producing mycotoxins that can contaminate fruit or juices. The objectives of this doctoral thesis were as follows: i. Characterize the mycotoxins produced by Alternaria alternata, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and Penicillium digitatum in blood orange fruit. ii. Establish a rapid and reliable molecular diagnostic method for in situ detection of the anamorphic fungus Plenodomus tracheiphilus, the causal agent of Mal secco disease (MSD) of lemons. iii. Evaluate the effectiveness of Candida oleophila as a sustainable alternative to commercial fungicides for post-harvest fruit treatments to prevent green mold incited by P. digitatum. Regarding the first objective, mycotoxins and secondary metabolites produced by A. alternata, C. gloeosporioides, and P. digitatum in blood orange fruit were analyzed using UHPLC–Q-TOF-MS. Three types of fruit were selected per cultivar: asymptomatic, symptomatic showing necrotic lesions caused by hail, and mummified. Among 47 secondary metabolites identified, 16, 18, and 13 were of A. alternata, C. gloeosporioides, and P. digitatum, respectively. The metabolic profiles of the peel were similar between hail-damaged and asymptomatic fruit, while the juice of the mummified fruit showed significantly higher levels of specific compounds and mycotoxins (patulin and Rubratoxin B), associated exclusively with the presence of P. digitatum. Consistently with the second objective, a novel diagnostic assay utilizing recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) technology was developed for detecting P. tracheiphilus. RPA assay achieved sensitivity comparable to that of the Real Time-PCR test and even more sensitive in tests on DNA samples obtained through a rapid extraction method, highlighting the potential of RPA in citrus disease management. Regarding the third objective, the study focused on assessing the effectiveness of the biological control agent C. oleophila in managing green mold induced by P. digitatum in different stages of the post-harvest supply chain. Results revealed that C. oleophila demonstrated notable effectiveness in decreasing the incidence of green mold symptoms. Furthermore, the research has provided insights into the molecular mechanisms of citrus fruit's defensive response to C. oleophila treatment.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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