Experiencing stress is a normal part of daily life, yet people react to and perceive stressful events differently, leading to varied outcomes and health consequences. Whereas stress responses are crucial for survival, there has been a recent rise in stress-related disorders. The COVID-19 pandemic, in particular, has triggered a significant increase in stress-related disorders such as anxiety disorders, major depressive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. These disorders not only affect mental health but also contribute to physical dysfunction, exacerbating comorbidities with diseases like metabolic, cardiovascular and immune pathologies. This widespread impact of stress on various physiological functions underscores its profound influence on overall health. Given this, it is essential to study stress responses as a complex interplay of intricacies and mechanisms, all interconnected. Although stress responses have been studied for many years, recent research has revealed that their consequences can vary according to the biological sex. Understanding the impact of sex differences is crucial for advancing knowledge and improving healthcare interventions, especially in stress-related disorders, which are more prevalent in women rather than in men. However, for over half a century, research has predominantly focused on male outcomes, establishing them as the standard for diagnostics and rodent models. This bias has created a significant gap, leading to misunderstandings, misdiagnoses, and ineffective treatments, particularly among women. To address this gap, it is imperative to increase inclusive studies that consider sex as a biological variable, recognizing its potential to produce divergent outcomes between sexes. The objective of my doctoral dissertation is to investigate sex differences in different stressful paradigms, providing a clearer understanding of how sex should be regarded as a variable. It aims to examine the potential links between cognition and stress responses, behavioral changes following traumatic events, and the relationship between early life adversities and stress susceptibility, with a particular focus on the role of sex.
Lo stress è una componente inevitabile della vita quotidiana, ma le persone lo percepiscono e lo affrontano in modi diversi, con conseguenze variabili sulla salute. Sebbene le risposte allo stress siano essenziali per la sopravvivenza, negli ultimi anni si è assistito a un aumento dei disturbi ad esso correlati. La pandemia COVID-19, in particolare, ha determinato una crescita significativa di patologie come i disturbi d'ansia, il disturbo depressivo maggiore e il disturbo da stress post-traumatico. Questi disturbi non compromettono solo la salute mentale, ma influiscono anche sul benessere fisico, aggravando condizioni preesistenti come malattie metaboliche, cardiovascolari e immunitarie. L'impatto dello stress su diverse funzioni fisiologiche evidenzia la sua profonda influenza sulla salute globale. Studiare le risposte allo stress richiede un’analisi approfondita della complessità dei meccanismi sottostanti, strettamente interconnessi. Negli ultimi anni è emerso come le conseguenze dello stress possano variare significativamente in base al sesso biologico, un aspetto che riveste un'importanza cruciale per migliorare la conoscenza scientifica e gli interventi sanitari. I disturbi correlati allo stress, infatti, colpiscono maggiormente le donne rispetto agli uomini. Tuttavia, per oltre mezzo secolo, la ricerca si è concentrata principalmente sul sesso maschile utilizzandolo come riferimento per la diagnostica e per la ricerca preclinica. Questo approccio ha generato una lacuna conoscitiva, causando diagnosi errate e trattamenti meno efficaci, soprattutto nelle donne. Colmare questa lacuna richiede un incremento di studi inclusivi che considerino il sesso come variabile biologica fondamentale. La mia tesi di dottorato si propone di indagare le differenze di sesso in vari paradigmi di stress, con particolare attenzione alle sue conseguenze sulla sfera cognitiva e comportamentale.
FROM SUSCEPTIBILITY TO RESILIENCE: Exploring sex-specific responses to mild and severe stressful events [DALLA SUSCETTIBILITA' ALLA RESILIENZA: Analisi delle risposte sesso-specifiche ad eventi stressanti di intensità moderata e severa] / Rizzo, Silvia. - (2025 Apr 14).
FROM SUSCEPTIBILITY TO RESILIENCE: Exploring sex-specific responses to mild and severe stressful events [DALLA SUSCETTIBILITA' ALLA RESILIENZA: Analisi delle risposte sesso-specifiche ad eventi stressanti di intensità moderata e severa]
RIZZO, SILVIA
2025-04-14
Abstract
Experiencing stress is a normal part of daily life, yet people react to and perceive stressful events differently, leading to varied outcomes and health consequences. Whereas stress responses are crucial for survival, there has been a recent rise in stress-related disorders. The COVID-19 pandemic, in particular, has triggered a significant increase in stress-related disorders such as anxiety disorders, major depressive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. These disorders not only affect mental health but also contribute to physical dysfunction, exacerbating comorbidities with diseases like metabolic, cardiovascular and immune pathologies. This widespread impact of stress on various physiological functions underscores its profound influence on overall health. Given this, it is essential to study stress responses as a complex interplay of intricacies and mechanisms, all interconnected. Although stress responses have been studied for many years, recent research has revealed that their consequences can vary according to the biological sex. Understanding the impact of sex differences is crucial for advancing knowledge and improving healthcare interventions, especially in stress-related disorders, which are more prevalent in women rather than in men. However, for over half a century, research has predominantly focused on male outcomes, establishing them as the standard for diagnostics and rodent models. This bias has created a significant gap, leading to misunderstandings, misdiagnoses, and ineffective treatments, particularly among women. To address this gap, it is imperative to increase inclusive studies that consider sex as a biological variable, recognizing its potential to produce divergent outcomes between sexes. The objective of my doctoral dissertation is to investigate sex differences in different stressful paradigms, providing a clearer understanding of how sex should be regarded as a variable. It aims to examine the potential links between cognition and stress responses, behavioral changes following traumatic events, and the relationship between early life adversities and stress susceptibility, with a particular focus on the role of sex.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Silvia Rizzo PhD Thesis.pdf
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