The growing intersections between environmental sustainability and law, which define our times, inevitably extend to tax law as well. Contrary to initial assumptions, if one seeks to encourage environmentally virtuous behaviors and penalize harmful actions, tax law proves to be highly effective. This is particularly true when its potential is harnessed on both fronts that characterize it: revenues (i.e., taxes) and expenditures (i.e., incentives). In this context, one might even speak of an “environmental tax law” or, to use a more evocative term, a “green tax law.” Naturally, adopting this perspective and conducting analyses de iure condito that yield effective results in practice requires focusing on specific instruments or cases. In particular, the waste tax serves as a privileged observatory. This is especially evident when considering the numerous transformations it has undergone over approximately ninety years and the intensification of these changes in recent decades. These changes are so significant that the tax has even changed its name five times in the past twenty years. Comparisons with neighboring legal systems that seem to model their approaches on Italy’s system further enrich this analysis. For instance, the Spanish system has recently introduced a new form of waste taxation that appears to mirror the Italian model. It is therefore compelling to study the main characteristics and methods of application of the waste tax and compare them with Spanish regulations, assessing potential advantages or disadvantages stemming from different approaches to waste management. To conduct such an analysis, it is essential first to examine the foundations of tax law, paying particular attention to the principle of contributive capacity and adopting an evolving perspective on indicators of wealth. In the current socioeconomic context, traditional parameters of wealth are no longer sufficient. They must evolve to include “new indicators” that, although not part of the conventional framework, provide additional (albeit unconventional) value to those who possess or produce them. Pollution, in this light, can be considered a “new indicator” of contributive capacity. It impacts quality of life and the environment, representing a form of “negative wealth” that should be incorporated into the tax system to encourage more sustainable behaviors. This reasoning provides a basis for justifying the establishment of strictly environmental taxes, particularly those derived from European frameworks. Following a deductive approach—from the general (environmental taxes) to the specific (waste tax)—this study aims to offer a comprehensive overview of the waste tax. It examines its relationship with the principle of contributive capacity, particularly concerning the regulation of tax incentives, and analyzes its potential to promote sustainable waste management and encourage virtuous practices of waste reduction and recycling.
Le sempre maggiori interazioni tra sostenibilità ambientale e diritto, che contraddistinguono i nostri giorni, hanno riguardano e riguardano anche ed inevitabilmente il diritto tributario. Anzi, e a dispetto di quello che in prima battuta può forse pensarsi, se si vogliono favorire comportamenti virtuosi per l’ambiente e penalizzare condotte dannose per lo stesso, il diritto tributario risulta molto efficace. Ciò se solo se ne colgano e se ne sfruttino le potenzialità su entrambi i versanti che lo connotano: le entrate, ovvero i tributi e le spese, ovvero le agevolazioni. E si può parlare, se si vuole, di un "diritto tributario ambientale" ovvero, per usare una formula icastica, di un "diritto tributario green". Naturalmente con questa prospettiva e in funzione di ragionamenti che siano condotti de iure condito e diano risultati efficaci in sede applicativa, non si può non guardare a singoli istituti o fattispecie. Nello specifico la tassa sui rifiuti si presenta come un osservatorio privilegiato. Ciò specie se si considerano le numerose trasformazioni che l’hanno contraddistinta nei suoi circa novant’anni di vita e che si sono intensificate negli ultimi decenni (al punto di farle cambiare finanche il nome per ben cinque volte nell’arco di vent’anni), e se ne tentano comparazioni con ordinamenti vicini che sembrano prenderci a modello. In particolare, ci si riferisce all’ordinamento spagnolo che ha recentemente introdotto una nuova forma di tassazione dei rifiuti che sembra riprodurre quella italiana. Risulta allora interessante studiarne le principali caratteristiche e modalità di applicazione della tassa sui rifiuti, per poi confrontarle con la normativa spagnola, valutando eventuali vantaggi o svantaggi derivanti dalle diverse discipline in materia di gestione dei rifiuti. Per condurre un’analisi di questo tipo, è fondamentale, in via preliminare, esaminare le basi del diritto tributario, prestando particolare attenzione al principio di capacità contributiva e adottando una prospettiva evolutiva degli indici di ricchezza. Nell'attuale contesto socioeconomico, infatti, non è più possibile limitarsi ai tradizionali parametri di ricchezza. Questi devono evolversi, includendo anche “nuovi indici” che, pur non rientrando nella concezione tradizionale, apportano un valore aggiunto (seppur non convenzionale) a chi li possiede o produce. L’inquinamento, in quest'ottica, può essere considerato un “nuovo indice” di capacità contributiva, poiché incide sulla qualità della vita e dell'ambiente, rappresentando una forma di “ricchezza” negativa che dovrebbe essere presa in considerazione nel sistema tributario per incentivare comportamenti più sostenibili. Questa conclusione diventa premessa per giustificare l’istituzione di tributi ambientali in senso stretto, che siano di derivazione europea. Ed allora, seguendo un approccio di tipo deduttivo, dal generale (tributi ambientali) al particolare (tassa sui rifiuti), si vuole offrire un'ampia panoramica della tassa sui rifiuti, esaminandone il suo rapporto con il principio di capacità contributiva, specie con riguardo alla disciplina delle agevolazioni fiscali, analizzando, poi, il suo potenziale nel promuovere una gestione sostenibile dei rifiuti e nell'incentivare pratiche virtuose di riduzione e riciclo.
La tassa sui rifiuti: capacità contributiva e tributi ambientali / Marano, Alessia. - (2025 Apr 30).
La tassa sui rifiuti: capacità contributiva e tributi ambientali
MARANO, ALESSIA
2025-04-30
Abstract
The growing intersections between environmental sustainability and law, which define our times, inevitably extend to tax law as well. Contrary to initial assumptions, if one seeks to encourage environmentally virtuous behaviors and penalize harmful actions, tax law proves to be highly effective. This is particularly true when its potential is harnessed on both fronts that characterize it: revenues (i.e., taxes) and expenditures (i.e., incentives). In this context, one might even speak of an “environmental tax law” or, to use a more evocative term, a “green tax law.” Naturally, adopting this perspective and conducting analyses de iure condito that yield effective results in practice requires focusing on specific instruments or cases. In particular, the waste tax serves as a privileged observatory. This is especially evident when considering the numerous transformations it has undergone over approximately ninety years and the intensification of these changes in recent decades. These changes are so significant that the tax has even changed its name five times in the past twenty years. Comparisons with neighboring legal systems that seem to model their approaches on Italy’s system further enrich this analysis. For instance, the Spanish system has recently introduced a new form of waste taxation that appears to mirror the Italian model. It is therefore compelling to study the main characteristics and methods of application of the waste tax and compare them with Spanish regulations, assessing potential advantages or disadvantages stemming from different approaches to waste management. To conduct such an analysis, it is essential first to examine the foundations of tax law, paying particular attention to the principle of contributive capacity and adopting an evolving perspective on indicators of wealth. In the current socioeconomic context, traditional parameters of wealth are no longer sufficient. They must evolve to include “new indicators” that, although not part of the conventional framework, provide additional (albeit unconventional) value to those who possess or produce them. Pollution, in this light, can be considered a “new indicator” of contributive capacity. It impacts quality of life and the environment, representing a form of “negative wealth” that should be incorporated into the tax system to encourage more sustainable behaviors. This reasoning provides a basis for justifying the establishment of strictly environmental taxes, particularly those derived from European frameworks. Following a deductive approach—from the general (environmental taxes) to the specific (waste tax)—this study aims to offer a comprehensive overview of the waste tax. It examines its relationship with the principle of contributive capacity, particularly concerning the regulation of tax incentives, and analyzes its potential to promote sustainable waste management and encourage virtuous practices of waste reduction and recycling.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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