This thesis investigates advanced beam finite element formulations for the nonlinear analysis of reinforced concrete (RC), prestressed concrete (PC), and composite frames, with the objective of improving numerical and mechanical accuracy while maintaining computational efficiency. This work builds on well-established beam models and examines, under small-strain kinematics, the theoretical equivalence between mixed and force-based formulations. On this basis, a new force-based bond-slip formulation is proposed, where reinforcement-concrete interaction is embedded along the member length and prestressing can be applied directly at the element level. The approach supports arbitrary tendon layouts through appropriate rotations for curved fibers, and accommodates construction stages and time-dependent phenomena (creep, shrinkage, relaxation) via history-dependent internal variables and a consistent numerical solution strategy. A central contribution is the derivation of enriched elements with warping and bond-slip, including a fully mixed warping-bond-slip formulation. Warping is introduced at the section level through shape functions constructed via dedicated section warping functions, which give an orthogonal basis for the additional displacement field. This yields a compact set of warping degrees of freedom, reduces the size of the section operators, and lowers the overall computational cost, while enhancing section kinematics in the presence of shear and torsion. The constitutive framework integrates three-dimensional plasticity and plastic-damage with one-dimensional cyclic laws for steel reinforcement, prestressing tendons, concrete, bond-slip and other materials used in the fiber sections. Within this framework, a consistent algorithmic tangent for the 3D damage/plasticity model is derived and implemented, ensuring robust quadratic convergence of the global Newton iterations. From a computational standpoint, this work formalizes the selection of shape functions and quadrature rules for the element and the section interpolation, and extends local regularization strategies suitable for softening materials. Nevertheless, both displacement-based, force-based and mixed beam elements suffer from localization issues when softening occurs, leading to mesh-dependent responses, although the mechanisms differ. In this work, attention is focused on localization due to cracking, as localization from concrete crushing has been extensively investigated in previous studies. To overcome these limitations, enhanced formulations with bond-slip and warping have been proposed in both displacement-based (D-BW) and mixed (M-BW) settings. These enrichments restore numerical objectivity by correctly localizing damage and slip, and preventing spurious crack spreading across the mesh. The proposed models are assessed through an extensive set of applications. These consist of mesh- and integration-objectivity benchmarks; cantilever and beam tests under perfect-bond, no-bond, and general bond conditions; and prestressed elements with draped tendons, staged transfer, and long-term effects. The results demonstrate accuracy in nonlinear static and time-dependent analyses, computational efficiency with a limited number of elements, fibers, and integration points, and stable performance even in softening regimes. Comparative studies against experimental evidence and refined numerical references confirm the improved predictive fidelity of the formulations and their capacity to capture realistic crack patterns and force redistribution under evolving bond conditions. Overall, the thesis delivers a cohesive and extensible framework for advanced beam elements that is implementation-ready for general-purpose analysis codes. The block-wise organization naturally supports extensions to different materials and cross-section types, and the enriched kinematics with bond-slip and warping provides an effective route to objectivity and reliability in the analysis of RC, PC, and composite structures subjected to coupled axial-flexural-shear-torsional and time-dependent effects.
Questa tesi indaga formulazioni avanzate di elementi finiti di trave per l’analisi non lineare di telai in calcestruzzo armato (RC), precompresso (PC) e compositi, con l’obiettivo di migliorare l’accuratezza numerica e meccanica mantenendo al contempo un’elevata efficienza computazionale. Il lavoro si basa su modelli di trave consolidati e analizza, in cinematica a piccole deformazioni, l’equivalenza teorica tra formulazioni miste e a base di forze. Su tali basi viene proposta una nuova formulazione force-based con bond-slip, nella quale l’interazione acciaio-calcestruzzo è incorporata lungo l’intera lunghezza dell’asta e la precompressione può essere applicata direttamente a livello di elemento. L’approccio consente la gestione di tracciati di cavi arbitrari mediante rotazioni appropriate per fibre curve, e tiene conto delle fasi costruttive e dei fenomeni viscosi dipendenti dal tempo (viscosità, ritiro, rilassamento) attraverso variabili interne con memoria e una strategia numerica coerente. Un contributo centrale consiste nella derivazione di elementi arricchiti con warping e bond-slip, inclusa una formulazione completamente mista warping–bond-slip. Il warping è introdotto a livello di sezione mediante funzioni di forma costruite da funzioni di warping dedicate, che forniscono una base ortogonale per il campo di spostamento addizionale. Ciò permette di ottenere un insieme compatto di gradi di libertà di warping, riducendo la dimensione degli operatori di sezione e il costo computazionale complessivo, migliorando al contempo la cinematica di sezione in presenza di taglio e torsione. Il quadro costitutivo integra modelli di plasticità e danno plastico tridimensionali con leggi cicliche unidimensionali per acciaio da armatura, cavi di precompressione, calcestruzzo, bond-slip e altri materiali impiegati nelle sezioni a fibre. In tale contesto viene derivato e implementato il tangente algoritmico coerente per il modello 3D di danno/plasticità, garantendo la convergenza quadratica robusta delle iterazioni globali di Newton. Dal punto di vista computazionale, il lavoro formalizza la scelta delle funzioni di forma e delle regole di integrazione per l’interpolazione dell’elemento e della sezione, ed estende strategie di regolarizzazione locale adatte a materiali con comportamento degradante. Tuttavia, gli elementi di trave displacement-based, force-based e misti soffrono di problemi di localizzazione in presenza di ammorbidimento, che conducono a risposte dipendenti dalla mesh, sebbene con meccanismi differenti. In questo lavoro l’attenzione è rivolta alla localizzazione dovuta a fessurazione, poiché quella derivante da schiacciamento del calcestruzzo è stata già ampiamente trattata in studi precedenti. Per superare tali limitazioni, vengono proposte formulazioni avanzate con bond-slip e warping sia nel contesto displacement-based (D-BW) sia in quello misto (M-BW). Tali arricchimenti ripristinano l’oggettività numerica localizzando correttamente danno e scorrimento, e prevenendo la propagazione spurie delle fessure attraverso la mesh. I modelli proposti sono valutati mediante un ampio insieme di applicazioni: prove di oggettività rispetto alla mesh e all’integrazione, test di mensole e travi in condizioni di perfetta aderenza, assenza di aderenza e aderenza parziale, nonché elementi precompressi con cavi deviati, trasferimento in fasi e fenomeni viscosi di lungo periodo. I risultati dimostrano accuratezza nelle analisi non lineari statiche e dipendenti dal tempo, efficienza computazionale con un numero ridotto di elementi, fibre e punti di integrazione, e prestazioni stabili anche in regime di ammorbidimento. Confronti con risultati sperimentali e riferimenti numerici raffinati confermano la maggiore capacità predittiva delle formulazioni e la loro idoneità nel riprodurre schemi realistici di fessurazione e redistribuzione degli sforzi al variare delle condizioni di aderenza. Nel complesso, la tesi fornisce un quadro coerente ed estensibile per modelli avanzati di travi, immediatamente implementabile in codici di analisi generali. L’organizzazione modulare ne favorisce l’estensione a diversi materiali e tipologie di sezione, mentre la cinematica arricchita con bond-slip e warping offre una via efficace per garantire oggettività e affidabilità nell’analisi di strutture in calcestruzzo armato, precompresso e composite soggette ad azioni accoppiate assiale-flessionale-tagliante-torsionale e a effetti dipendenti dal tempo.
Advanced beam finite element models with warping and bond-slip for concrete structures: addressing objectivity issues, prestressing and time-dependent effects [Modelli avanzati di elementi di trave con warping e bond-slip per strutture in calcestruzzo: analisi dei problemi di oggettività, precompressione ed effetti dipendenti dal tempo] / Parente, Luca. - (2026 Jan 15).
Advanced beam finite element models with warping and bond-slip for concrete structures: addressing objectivity issues, prestressing and time-dependent effects [Modelli avanzati di elementi di trave con warping e bond-slip per strutture in calcestruzzo: analisi dei problemi di oggettività, precompressione ed effetti dipendenti dal tempo]
PARENTE, LUCA
2026-01-15
Abstract
This thesis investigates advanced beam finite element formulations for the nonlinear analysis of reinforced concrete (RC), prestressed concrete (PC), and composite frames, with the objective of improving numerical and mechanical accuracy while maintaining computational efficiency. This work builds on well-established beam models and examines, under small-strain kinematics, the theoretical equivalence between mixed and force-based formulations. On this basis, a new force-based bond-slip formulation is proposed, where reinforcement-concrete interaction is embedded along the member length and prestressing can be applied directly at the element level. The approach supports arbitrary tendon layouts through appropriate rotations for curved fibers, and accommodates construction stages and time-dependent phenomena (creep, shrinkage, relaxation) via history-dependent internal variables and a consistent numerical solution strategy. A central contribution is the derivation of enriched elements with warping and bond-slip, including a fully mixed warping-bond-slip formulation. Warping is introduced at the section level through shape functions constructed via dedicated section warping functions, which give an orthogonal basis for the additional displacement field. This yields a compact set of warping degrees of freedom, reduces the size of the section operators, and lowers the overall computational cost, while enhancing section kinematics in the presence of shear and torsion. The constitutive framework integrates three-dimensional plasticity and plastic-damage with one-dimensional cyclic laws for steel reinforcement, prestressing tendons, concrete, bond-slip and other materials used in the fiber sections. Within this framework, a consistent algorithmic tangent for the 3D damage/plasticity model is derived and implemented, ensuring robust quadratic convergence of the global Newton iterations. From a computational standpoint, this work formalizes the selection of shape functions and quadrature rules for the element and the section interpolation, and extends local regularization strategies suitable for softening materials. Nevertheless, both displacement-based, force-based and mixed beam elements suffer from localization issues when softening occurs, leading to mesh-dependent responses, although the mechanisms differ. In this work, attention is focused on localization due to cracking, as localization from concrete crushing has been extensively investigated in previous studies. To overcome these limitations, enhanced formulations with bond-slip and warping have been proposed in both displacement-based (D-BW) and mixed (M-BW) settings. These enrichments restore numerical objectivity by correctly localizing damage and slip, and preventing spurious crack spreading across the mesh. The proposed models are assessed through an extensive set of applications. These consist of mesh- and integration-objectivity benchmarks; cantilever and beam tests under perfect-bond, no-bond, and general bond conditions; and prestressed elements with draped tendons, staged transfer, and long-term effects. The results demonstrate accuracy in nonlinear static and time-dependent analyses, computational efficiency with a limited number of elements, fibers, and integration points, and stable performance even in softening regimes. Comparative studies against experimental evidence and refined numerical references confirm the improved predictive fidelity of the formulations and their capacity to capture realistic crack patterns and force redistribution under evolving bond conditions. Overall, the thesis delivers a cohesive and extensible framework for advanced beam elements that is implementation-ready for general-purpose analysis codes. The block-wise organization naturally supports extensions to different materials and cross-section types, and the enriched kinematics with bond-slip and warping provides an effective route to objectivity and reliability in the analysis of RC, PC, and composite structures subjected to coupled axial-flexural-shear-torsional and time-dependent effects.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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