The project is taking place within the larger context of climate change as well as in an era which is changing quickly toward low-carbon industrial models. To this end it is submitted an integrated approach to industrial CO₂ emissions through the sustainable cultivation of Spirulina platensis, a filamentous cyanobacterium capable of high photosynthetic efficiency and quick biomass build-up, high content of high value bioactive compounds. This thesis is intended to prove the feasibility of biorefinery model in which Spirulina platensis will function as an environmentally friendly biotechnological platform for capturing atmospheric CO₂ and biotechnologically producing a whole spectrum of functional bio-metabolites for future use as food supply in dietary, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic applications, both for the bioprocessing process. The main hypothesis is that Spirulina can be used as a green biofactory to convert CO₂ a significant greenhouse gas [GHG] into functional metabolites in low-impact, environmentally responsive, extraction process. In fact, for validating this hypothesis, Spirulina platensis was cultured under controlled laboratory conditions (regulated CO₂ input, nutrient enrichment, and standard light and temperature parameters) to optimize metabolic output. Biomass yielded was prepared via a biorefinery-style technology to recover and value various biochemical fractions. It included the development of environmentally friendly extraction protocols using green solvents (water, limonene, p-cymene, and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF)), together with microwave-assisted extraction [MAE] in order to increase solvent economy and decrease energy consumption. Spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques were used to characterize each extract. UV–Vis spectroscopy of the aqueous fraction showed maximum absorption at 277.2 nm, 347.5 nm, and 639.8 nm, confirming the structural stability of C-phycocyanin. GC–MS analysis provided solvent-dependent selectivity: phenolic compounds were most effectively extracted by p-cymene and limonene and methyl palmitate, methyl linoleate and methyl γ-linolenate, biologically significant fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), by 2-MeTHF and limonene. Phycocyanin fraction with enriched protein was purified and initial in vitro biochemistry was performed. The performance of the assays showed remarkable antioxidant, 7 cytoprotective, and possibly anti-tumor activities, especially under condition of oxidative stress, highlighting the potential therapeutic application of C-phycocyanin for the medical field, especially in preventive medicine. Concurrently, a separate small RNA (microRNA) fraction was isolated and tested by next-generation sequencing (NGS) to identify the presence of conserved sequences, for example miR166a and miR159a. These specific microRNAs regulate growth, metabolic adaptation and stress responses in photosynthetic organisms. In the literature, miR159a has been linked to hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory actions, implicating it in a potential biomedical application. We have not performed biological assays for the microRNA fraction. This was an intentional methodological choice to allow for the broad characterization of the phycocyanin fraction. At present, the microRNA extracts are being further purified to achieve maximal molecular integrity and also to eliminate remaining protein and polysaccharide contaminants, an important step to perform before experiments involving cell-surface exposure. This work highlights for the first time the possible application of the use of CO₂ valorization in Spirulina platensis as a sustainable bioprocessing green technology to generate bioactives with high-value for a bioprocessing process. The integrated use of eco-friendly solvents, microwave-assisted extraction and two-fold recovery of protein-RNA extracts is one of the green bioeconomies and green biotechnologies and scalable solution. In doing so, this thesis enriches and expands the work in this area by presenting an actual instance where spirulina platensis can repurposing in the form of a green carbon capture and bioactive compound bioactive chemical biophilic platform on which to use for its utilization for sustainable production. These innovations provide a foundation for further investigation into how microRNAs are functional for potential future applications and the potential to contribute to the ecosystem towards environmental and biological applications of an integrated biorefinery type model.
Il presente progetto si colloca all’interno del più ampio contesto del cambiamento climatico globale e in un’epoca di rapida transizione verso modelli industriali a basse emissioni di carbonio. In quest’ottica, è stato sviluppato un approccio integrato per la valorizzazione delle emissioni industriali di CO₂, attraverso la coltivazione sostenibile di Spirulina platensis, una cianobatteria filamentosa nota per la sua elevata efficienza fotosintetica, la rapida crescita in biomassa e l’elevato contenuto di composti bioattivi ad alto valore aggiunto. L’obiettivo di questa tesi è dimostrare la fattibilità di un modello di bioraffineria in cui Spirulina platensis possa agire come piattaforma biotecnologica ecocompatibile per la cattura della CO₂ atmosferica e la produzione sostenibile di un’ampia gamma di biomolecole funzionali, con potenziali applicazioni nei settori alimentare, farmaceutico e cosmetico. L’ipotesi principale è che Spirulina possa essere impiegata come biofabbrica verde per convertire la CO₂ — uno dei principali gas serra — in metaboliti funzionali, attraverso processi di estrazione a basso impatto ambientale. Per validare questa ipotesi, Spirulina platensis è stata coltivata in condizioni controllate di laboratorio, con apporto regolato di CO₂, arricchimento nutritivo, e parametri standardizzati di luce e temperatura, al fine di ottimizzare la produzione metabolica. La biomassa ottenuta è stata trattata secondo una logica di bioraffineria, per recuperare e valorizzare diverse frazioni biochimiche. Sono stati sviluppati protocolli di estrazione ecosostenibili, utilizzando solventi verdi (come acqua, limonene, p-cimene e 2-metiltetraidrofurano - 2-MeTHF), in combinazione con tecniche di estrazione assistita da microonde (MAE), per aumentare l’efficienza del solvente e ridurre il consumo energetico. Le frazioni estratte sono state caratterizzate mediante tecniche spettroscopiche e cromatografiche. Lo spettro UV–Vis della frazione acquosa ha evidenziato massimi di assorbimento a 277,2 nm, 347,5 nm e 639,8 nm, confermando la stabilità strutturale della ficocianina C (C-PC). Le analisi GC–MS hanno evidenziato una selettività dipendente dal solvente: i composti fenolici sono stati estratti con maggiore efficacia da p-cimene e limonene, mentre metil palmitato, metil linoleato e metil γ-linolenato — acidi grassi metilati (FAMEs) di rilevanza biologica — sono stati meglio recuperati con 2-MeTHF e limonene. La frazione proteica arricchita in ficocianina è stata ulteriormente purificata e sottoposta a test biochimici in vitro. I risultati hanno mostrato attività antiossidante, citoprotettiva e potenzialmente antitumorale, in particolare in condizioni di stress ossidativo, sottolineando il potenziale terapeutico della ficocianina in ambito medico-preventivo. Parallelamente, è stata isolata una frazione di piccoli RNA (microRNA), successivamente analizzata tramite sequenziamento di nuova generazione (NGS), che ha permesso di identificare microRNA conservati, tra cui miR166a e miR159a. Questi miRNA sono noti per regolare la crescita, l’adattamento metabolico e la risposta allo stress nelle piante fotosintetiche. In letteratura, miR159a è stato associato a effetti epatoprotettivi e anti-infiammatori, suggerendone potenziali applicazioni biomediche. Al momento non sono stati effettuati test biologici sulla frazione di microRNA, per scelta metodologica, al fine di consentire una caratterizzazione approfondita della frazione contenente ficocianina. Attualmente, gli estratti di microRNA sono sottoposti a ulteriore purificazione per migliorarne l’integrità molecolare e rimuovere eventuali contaminanti proteici e polisaccaridici, passaggio necessario prima di procedere a test cellulari. Questo lavoro evidenzia, per la prima volta, la possibile applicazione della valorizzazione della CO₂ tramite Spirulina platensis, in un’ottica di tecnologia verde e bioprocessi sostenibili, per la produzione di bioattivi ad alto valore aggiunto. L’integrazione di solventi ecocompatibili, estrazione assistita da microonde e recupero simultaneo delle frazioni proteiche e di RNA, rappresenta un esempio concreto di bioeconomia verde e biotecnologie sostenibili, potenzialmente scalabili. Nel suo insieme, questa tesi contribuisce ad arricchire il panorama scientifico del settore, presentando un caso pratico di riconversione della Spirulina platensis in una piattaforma biotecnologica multifunzionale per la cattura del carbonio e la produzione di composti bioattivi. Le innovazioni introdotte costituiscono una solida base per futuri approfondimenti sul ruolo funzionale dei microRNA e sul potenziale impatto ambientale e biomedico di un modello integrato di bioraffineria.
In SilIco-study for the evaluation of oNcoprotectivE activity by analisis by highly puRified alGal phycocYanin miRNAs regulation [In SilIco-studio per la valutazione dell'attività oncoprotettiva mediante analisi della regolazione dei miRNA di ficocianina algale altamente purificata] / Sica, C.. - (2026 Jan 15).
In SilIco-study for the evaluation of oNcoprotectivE activity by analisis by highly puRified alGal phycocYanin miRNAs regulation [In SilIco-studio per la valutazione dell'attività oncoprotettiva mediante analisi della regolazione dei miRNA di ficocianina algale altamente purificata]
SICA, CARMEN
2026-01-15
Abstract
The project is taking place within the larger context of climate change as well as in an era which is changing quickly toward low-carbon industrial models. To this end it is submitted an integrated approach to industrial CO₂ emissions through the sustainable cultivation of Spirulina platensis, a filamentous cyanobacterium capable of high photosynthetic efficiency and quick biomass build-up, high content of high value bioactive compounds. This thesis is intended to prove the feasibility of biorefinery model in which Spirulina platensis will function as an environmentally friendly biotechnological platform for capturing atmospheric CO₂ and biotechnologically producing a whole spectrum of functional bio-metabolites for future use as food supply in dietary, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic applications, both for the bioprocessing process. The main hypothesis is that Spirulina can be used as a green biofactory to convert CO₂ a significant greenhouse gas [GHG] into functional metabolites in low-impact, environmentally responsive, extraction process. In fact, for validating this hypothesis, Spirulina platensis was cultured under controlled laboratory conditions (regulated CO₂ input, nutrient enrichment, and standard light and temperature parameters) to optimize metabolic output. Biomass yielded was prepared via a biorefinery-style technology to recover and value various biochemical fractions. It included the development of environmentally friendly extraction protocols using green solvents (water, limonene, p-cymene, and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF)), together with microwave-assisted extraction [MAE] in order to increase solvent economy and decrease energy consumption. Spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques were used to characterize each extract. UV–Vis spectroscopy of the aqueous fraction showed maximum absorption at 277.2 nm, 347.5 nm, and 639.8 nm, confirming the structural stability of C-phycocyanin. GC–MS analysis provided solvent-dependent selectivity: phenolic compounds were most effectively extracted by p-cymene and limonene and methyl palmitate, methyl linoleate and methyl γ-linolenate, biologically significant fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), by 2-MeTHF and limonene. Phycocyanin fraction with enriched protein was purified and initial in vitro biochemistry was performed. The performance of the assays showed remarkable antioxidant, 7 cytoprotective, and possibly anti-tumor activities, especially under condition of oxidative stress, highlighting the potential therapeutic application of C-phycocyanin for the medical field, especially in preventive medicine. Concurrently, a separate small RNA (microRNA) fraction was isolated and tested by next-generation sequencing (NGS) to identify the presence of conserved sequences, for example miR166a and miR159a. These specific microRNAs regulate growth, metabolic adaptation and stress responses in photosynthetic organisms. In the literature, miR159a has been linked to hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory actions, implicating it in a potential biomedical application. We have not performed biological assays for the microRNA fraction. This was an intentional methodological choice to allow for the broad characterization of the phycocyanin fraction. At present, the microRNA extracts are being further purified to achieve maximal molecular integrity and also to eliminate remaining protein and polysaccharide contaminants, an important step to perform before experiments involving cell-surface exposure. This work highlights for the first time the possible application of the use of CO₂ valorization in Spirulina platensis as a sustainable bioprocessing green technology to generate bioactives with high-value for a bioprocessing process. The integrated use of eco-friendly solvents, microwave-assisted extraction and two-fold recovery of protein-RNA extracts is one of the green bioeconomies and green biotechnologies and scalable solution. In doing so, this thesis enriches and expands the work in this area by presenting an actual instance where spirulina platensis can repurposing in the form of a green carbon capture and bioactive compound bioactive chemical biophilic platform on which to use for its utilization for sustainable production. These innovations provide a foundation for further investigation into how microRNAs are functional for potential future applications and the potential to contribute to the ecosystem towards environmental and biological applications of an integrated biorefinery type model.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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