Almond (Prunus dulcis (Miller) DA Webb, syn. P. amygdalus Batsch) is one of the most cultivated nut species in the world; kernels and their derivative products are widely consumed and appreciated. P. dulcis is characterised by great biodiversity, and local species are an important resource for genetic improvement programmes due to their tolerance of various biotic and abiotic stresses. The main objective of this PhD is to enhance and exploit local Sicilian almond accessions to identify genotypes that are tolerant at biotic stress (caused by the Diaporthe amygdali fungus) and abiotic stress (such as drought). For this purpose, the genetic characterisation of 123 Sicilian genotypes, and cultivars of national and international importance, was carried out using the Axiom™ 60K Almond SNP Array. This analysis identified 6,374 unique SNPs, and 16 of these (capable of discriminating between one or a group of individuals) were validated. At the same time, a protocol has been developed to trace almonds and their derived products by extracting sufficient-quality DNA to use molecular markers. These results can enhance the value of some specialty products (for example, the collective trademark “Mandorle di Avola”) and protect consumers from food fraud. Susceptibility to the fungus D. amygdali was assessed using a detached twig assay. The length of necrosis detected was used as the phenotypic data for the genotype-phenotype association study. Nine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were significantly associated with tolerance/susceptibility to the pathogen. Additionally, twenty candidate genes were validated using real-time PCR on the most tolerant ('Cuti') and susceptible ('Ferraduel') genotypes. At the same time, 78 genotypes from the collection were subjected to drought conditions for 13 days. The stress response was measured in a subset of five genotypes using gas exchange and Leaf Water Potential value. The response of the 78 genotypes was evaluated using the chlorophyll index and malondialdehyde and proline levels. In the final sampling, the level of damage was also assessed using a phenotypic evaluation scale. In this test, tolerant genotypes (‘Cumma’, ‘Mennula du Vattiu’, ‘Persichina’ and ‘Tuono’) were identified; in addition, the various analytical parameters measured were correlated with the response capacity of the genotypes to drought stress. Our studies have demonstrated that the Sicilian almond germplasm collection is a valuable resource for addressing the challenges posed by climate change.
Il mandorlo (Prunus dulcis (Miller) DA Webb, sin. P. amygdalus Batsch) è una delle specie di frutta secca più coltivata al mondo; il seme e i suoi prodotti derivati sono ampiamente consumati e apprezzati. P. dulcis è caratterizzato da una grande biodiversità e le specie locali rappresentano un’importante risorsa genetica a cui attingere per i programmi di miglioramento genetico grazie a caratteri di tolleranza a diversi stress biotici e abiotici. L’obiettivo principale di questo PhD è di valorizzare e sfruttare le accessioni di mandorlo siciliani locali per la ricerca di genotipi tolleranti a stress biotici (fungo Diaporthe amygdali) e abiotici (siccità). Per fare questo, 123 genotipi siciliani e cultivar di importanza nazionale ed internazionale sono stati caratterizzati geneticamente mediante l’AxiomTM 60K Almond SNP Array. Questa analisi ha permesso di identificare 6,374 SNPs unici, di cui 16 SNPs capaci di discriminare una o (in alcuni casi) un gruppo di individui. In parallelo è stato messo a punto un protocollo di rintracciabilità del mandorlo e dei suoi prodotti derivati, mediante l’estrazione di DNA di sufficiente qualità per l’impiego di marcatori molecolari. Questi risultati possono contribuire a valorizzare alcuni prodotti di nicchia (per esempio il marchio collettivo “Mandorle di Avola”) e tutelare i consumatori da frodi alimentari. La suscettibilità al cancro dei rami è stata valutata tramite un saggio su rametto distaccato, e la lunghezza della necrosi rilevata sui rami è stata utilizzata come dato fenotipico per lo studio di associazione genotipo-fenotipo. Nove SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) sono stati significativamente associati alla tolleranza/suscettibilità al patogeno. Inoltre, venti geni candidati sono stati ulteriormente validati tramite Real-Time PCR sul genotipo più tollerante (‘Cuti’) e più suscettibile (‘Ferraduel’). Allo stesso tempo, 78 genotipi della collezione sono stati sottoposti a stress idrico per 13 giorni. Per valutare l’andamento dello stress, su un sottoinsieme di 5 genotipi, sono stati misurati gli scambi gassosi e il potenziale idrico fogliare. La risposta allo stress idrico dei 78 genotipi è stata valutata attraverso la determinazione dell’indice di clorofilla e i livelli di malondialdeide e di prolina; inoltre, nell’ultimo campionamento, è stato valutato il livello di danno raggiunto tramite una scala di valutazione fenotipica. Questa prova ha verificato il grado di tolleranza allo stress delle varietà e identificato dei genotipi tolleranti (‘Cumma’, ‘Mennula du Vattiu’, ‘Persichina’ e ‘Tuono’); inoltre, i diversi parametri analitici misurati sono stati correlati con la capacità di risposta dei genotipi allo stress idrico. Come dimostrato nei nostri studi, la collezione di germoplasma mandorlicolo siciliano rappresenta una valida risorsa per rispondere alle esigenze colturali legate alle sfide poste dai cambiamenti climatici.
Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of an almond germplasm collection for biotic and abiotic stress [Caratterizzazione genotipica e fenotipica di una collezione di germoplasma di mandorle per lo stress biotico e abiotico] / Inzirillo, I.. - (2026 Jan 27).
Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of an almond germplasm collection for biotic and abiotic stress [Caratterizzazione genotipica e fenotipica di una collezione di germoplasma di mandorle per lo stress biotico e abiotico]
INZIRILLO, Ilaria
2026-01-27
Abstract
Almond (Prunus dulcis (Miller) DA Webb, syn. P. amygdalus Batsch) is one of the most cultivated nut species in the world; kernels and their derivative products are widely consumed and appreciated. P. dulcis is characterised by great biodiversity, and local species are an important resource for genetic improvement programmes due to their tolerance of various biotic and abiotic stresses. The main objective of this PhD is to enhance and exploit local Sicilian almond accessions to identify genotypes that are tolerant at biotic stress (caused by the Diaporthe amygdali fungus) and abiotic stress (such as drought). For this purpose, the genetic characterisation of 123 Sicilian genotypes, and cultivars of national and international importance, was carried out using the Axiom™ 60K Almond SNP Array. This analysis identified 6,374 unique SNPs, and 16 of these (capable of discriminating between one or a group of individuals) were validated. At the same time, a protocol has been developed to trace almonds and their derived products by extracting sufficient-quality DNA to use molecular markers. These results can enhance the value of some specialty products (for example, the collective trademark “Mandorle di Avola”) and protect consumers from food fraud. Susceptibility to the fungus D. amygdali was assessed using a detached twig assay. The length of necrosis detected was used as the phenotypic data for the genotype-phenotype association study. Nine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were significantly associated with tolerance/susceptibility to the pathogen. Additionally, twenty candidate genes were validated using real-time PCR on the most tolerant ('Cuti') and susceptible ('Ferraduel') genotypes. At the same time, 78 genotypes from the collection were subjected to drought conditions for 13 days. The stress response was measured in a subset of five genotypes using gas exchange and Leaf Water Potential value. The response of the 78 genotypes was evaluated using the chlorophyll index and malondialdehyde and proline levels. In the final sampling, the level of damage was also assessed using a phenotypic evaluation scale. In this test, tolerant genotypes (‘Cumma’, ‘Mennula du Vattiu’, ‘Persichina’ and ‘Tuono’) were identified; in addition, the various analytical parameters measured were correlated with the response capacity of the genotypes to drought stress. Our studies have demonstrated that the Sicilian almond germplasm collection is a valuable resource for addressing the challenges posed by climate change.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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