This dissertation examines the evolution of European common defence within the contemporary international system, which is increasingly shaped by geopolitical shifts, the return of great-power rivalry, and technological transformations that redefine the nature of security. The goal is to assess how the European Union—an actor still in the process of political and strategic consolidation—responds to the changing characteristics of modern warfare, particularly hybrid warfare and emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, autonomous weapon systems, and cognitive domain operations. The study adopts an interdisciplinary framework combining international relations theory, EU law, strategic studies and political science. The first part introduces the main theoretical approaches to international relations—realism, liberal institutionalism and constructivism—to illustrate the anarchic nature of the international system and the centrality of power in shaping conflict and security dynamics. It critically explores concepts of war, warfare and warfighting, comparing conventional, unconventional and hybrid forms of conflict. Special emphasis is placed on hybrid warfare as an integrated strategy combining military force with political, economic, informational and cyber instruments aimed at undermining an adversary’s cohesion and resilience. The second part reconstructs the historical development of European defence integration, from the European Coal and Steel Community to the failed European Defence Community, the Western European Union, the establishment of the Common Foreign and Security Policy in Maastricht, and finally the Lisbon Treaty, which laid the legal foundations for the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). The analysis highlights the tensions between supranational ambitions and intergovernmental realities, as well as the role of national interests in shaping the trajectory of EU defence policy. The third part examines post-Lisbon developments, focusing on the operational evolution of CSDP missions, institutional reforms and the emergence of key instruments such as PESCO, CARD and EDF. It also analyses the 2016 Global Strategy and the 2022 Strategic Compass, which represent attempts to craft a more coherent and autonomous European strategic identity. The fourth part explores the impact of emerging technologies on European defence: artificial intelligence, autonomous weapons, automation in decision-making, and cognitive warfare. The dissertation compares the EU’s ethical and regulatory approach with the more competitive and capability-driven strategies of the United States, China and Russia, highlighting how industrial fragmentation and political divergences affect Europe’s technological posture. The final part addresses the debate on European strategic autonomy, examining the internal fractures between core and peripheral states, industrial asymmetries, and the constraints of unanimity. It argues that hybrid threats—disinformation, cyberattacks, electoral interference—exploit these structural vulnerabilities, making them central to Europe’s strategic future. In conclusion, the dissertation argues that the European Union is an emerging global actor equipped with expanding normative and operational tools, yet still constrained by the absence of a shared strategic culture and by the predominance of intergovernmental decision-making. Hybrid warfare and technological revolutions represent both challenges and opportunities: the future of European common defence will depend on the Union’s ability to transform crises into drivers of integration and to reconcile technological innovation with political cohesion and democratic legitimacy.
La tesi analizza la difesa comune europea all’interno del sistema internazionale contemporaneo, caratterizzato da mutamenti strutturali, competizione tra grandi potenze e trasformazioni tecnologiche che ridisegnano il concetto stesso di sicurezza. L’obiettivo è comprendere come l’Unione Europea, attore politico ancora in via di definizione, reagisca alle evoluzioni del warfare moderno, in particolare alla guerra ibrida e alle tecnologie disruptive come l’intelligenza artificiale, i sistemi d’arma autonomi e le tecniche di dominio cognitivo. L’analisi combina prospettive delle relazioni internazionali, studi strategici, diritto dell’Unione e scienza politica, proponendo una lettura multilivello e interdisciplinare. Nella prima parte, la tesi affronta le principali teorie delle relazioni internazionali—realismo, liberalismo istituzionale e costruttivismo—per delineare la struttura anarchica del sistema internazionale e il ruolo del potere come fattore determinante della sicurezza e del conflitto. Attraverso un’analisi critica dei concetti di guerra, warfare e warfighting, vengono esaminate le forme tradizionali e non convenzionali del conflitto, evidenziando la crescente rilevanza delle guerre ibride, in cui strumenti militari, politici, economici, informativi e cibernetici si intrecciano in strategie integrate e multidimensionali. La seconda parte ricostruisce lo sviluppo storico della difesa europea, dalla CECA alla CED, dall’Unione dell’Europa Occidentale al Trattato di Maastricht, fino al Trattato di Lisbona che ha istituzionalizzato la Politica di Sicurezza e Difesa Comune (PSDC). Attraverso un’analisi delle istituzioni, della governance multilivello e delle interazioni tra Stati membri e organi dell’UE, la tesi mette in luce tensioni, ambizioni e limiti del processo di integrazione nel settore della difesa. La terza parte si concentra sugli sviluppi post-Lisbona, analizzando missioni civili e militari dell’UE, l’evoluzione normativa e l’avanzamento di strumenti come PESCO, CARD ed EDF. Particolare attenzione è dedicata alla Global Strategy del 2016 e alla Bussola Strategica del 2022, che rappresentano tentativi di definire un’identità strategica più autonoma e coerente. La quarta parte esplora l’impatto delle tecnologie emergenti sulla sicurezza europea: intelligenza artificiale, sistemi d’arma autonomi, automazione del decision-making e dominio informativo. La tesi confronta l’approccio europeo—centrato su principi etici e regolatori—con le strategie di Stati Uniti, Cina e Russia, evidenziando come divergenze politiche, industriali e normative incidano sulla competizione globale. Infine, viene discusso il tema dell’autonomia strategica europea alla luce delle nuove geografie del potere, delle periferie politiche e dei veti intergovernativi. La tesi mostra come la vulnerabilità dell’UE alla guerra ibrida sia amplificata da frammentazioni interne, asimmetrie industriali e divergenze strategiche. In conclusione, il lavoro sostiene che l’UE sia un attore globale in costruzione, dotato di strumenti normativi e capacità operative in espansione, ma ancora limitato dall’assenza di una cultura strategica condivisa e da dinamiche decisionali intergovernative. Le tecnologie emergenti e le guerre ibride rappresentano sia una minaccia sia un’opportunità: la realizzazione di una difesa comune europea dipenderà dalla capacità dell’Unione di trasformare crisi esterne in acceleratori di integrazione e di conciliare innovazione tecnologica, coesione politica e legittimità democratica.
Difesa comune europea: relazioni internazionali alla luce delle nuove tecnologie / Rinaldi, S.. - (2026 Feb 26).
Difesa comune europea: relazioni internazionali alla luce delle nuove tecnologie
RINALDI, SIMONE
2026-02-26
Abstract
This dissertation examines the evolution of European common defence within the contemporary international system, which is increasingly shaped by geopolitical shifts, the return of great-power rivalry, and technological transformations that redefine the nature of security. The goal is to assess how the European Union—an actor still in the process of political and strategic consolidation—responds to the changing characteristics of modern warfare, particularly hybrid warfare and emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, autonomous weapon systems, and cognitive domain operations. The study adopts an interdisciplinary framework combining international relations theory, EU law, strategic studies and political science. The first part introduces the main theoretical approaches to international relations—realism, liberal institutionalism and constructivism—to illustrate the anarchic nature of the international system and the centrality of power in shaping conflict and security dynamics. It critically explores concepts of war, warfare and warfighting, comparing conventional, unconventional and hybrid forms of conflict. Special emphasis is placed on hybrid warfare as an integrated strategy combining military force with political, economic, informational and cyber instruments aimed at undermining an adversary’s cohesion and resilience. The second part reconstructs the historical development of European defence integration, from the European Coal and Steel Community to the failed European Defence Community, the Western European Union, the establishment of the Common Foreign and Security Policy in Maastricht, and finally the Lisbon Treaty, which laid the legal foundations for the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). The analysis highlights the tensions between supranational ambitions and intergovernmental realities, as well as the role of national interests in shaping the trajectory of EU defence policy. The third part examines post-Lisbon developments, focusing on the operational evolution of CSDP missions, institutional reforms and the emergence of key instruments such as PESCO, CARD and EDF. It also analyses the 2016 Global Strategy and the 2022 Strategic Compass, which represent attempts to craft a more coherent and autonomous European strategic identity. The fourth part explores the impact of emerging technologies on European defence: artificial intelligence, autonomous weapons, automation in decision-making, and cognitive warfare. The dissertation compares the EU’s ethical and regulatory approach with the more competitive and capability-driven strategies of the United States, China and Russia, highlighting how industrial fragmentation and political divergences affect Europe’s technological posture. The final part addresses the debate on European strategic autonomy, examining the internal fractures between core and peripheral states, industrial asymmetries, and the constraints of unanimity. It argues that hybrid threats—disinformation, cyberattacks, electoral interference—exploit these structural vulnerabilities, making them central to Europe’s strategic future. In conclusion, the dissertation argues that the European Union is an emerging global actor equipped with expanding normative and operational tools, yet still constrained by the absence of a shared strategic culture and by the predominance of intergovernmental decision-making. Hybrid warfare and technological revolutions represent both challenges and opportunities: the future of European common defence will depend on the Union’s ability to transform crises into drivers of integration and to reconcile technological innovation with political cohesion and democratic legitimacy.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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