Extensive ruminant farming is characterized by the seasonal variation of the basal diet, as pasture availability and quality strictly depend on climate. A number of problems for cattle may occur in each season. Tannins are natural polyphenolic compounds that can be supplemented to the diet to overcome these seasonal problems, but it is not known whether and how their effect on product quality may change according to the season. This thesis aims to assess the effect of dietary tannins in extensive farming on cow milk and cheese quality in different seasons. In a first in vitro experiment, rumen content was incubated with two different substrates – green herbage or hay – including either of two tannin extracts differing for composition: condensed tannins (QUE) or a mixture of condensed and hydrolysable tannins (MIX). Both tannin extracts slowed down ruminal biohydrogenation only when added to hay. Adding MIX to hay reduced ammonia production more than adding QUE, whereas no difference between extracts was observed with green herbage. Tannin extracts were more effective in modulating rumen microbiota activity when associated with a hay-based diet. Also, the MIX extract was more effective in protecting proteins from ruminal degradation, a key point in grazing periods. Then, in an extensive farm, two groups of dairy cows were formed: a control group, and a group supplemented with 150 g of MIX per head per day (TAN). Throughout the feeding trial, individual milk was sampled and analysed for quality parameters. Also, individual cheeses produced at the end of the trial were analysed for quality parameters. The experiment was performed twice: in spring, with green pasture availability, and in summer, with the cows grazing on dry stubble. In spring, there was almost no difference in milk and cheese between control and TAN groups. Conversely, in summer, TAN milk had 10% lower urea and slightly higher antioxidant capacity. Dietary tannins reduced branched-chain fatty acids, C18:1 t10 to C18:1 t11 ratio, and C18:2 c9t11 to C18:2 c9c12 ratio in milk. Concerning cheese, TAN group had lower C18:1 t10 concentration and lower ω-6/ω-3 ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids. No detrimental effect of dietary tannins on cheesemaking and cheese aromatic compounds was observed. The effect of tannins on cow milk and cheese quality is enhanced when green pasture is not available. This could have practical implications for a more conscious use of tannin sources such as tannin extracts, forages, and agro-industrial co-products.
L'allevamento estensivo è caratterizzato dalla variazione stagionale della dieta, poiché qualità e disponibilità di pascolo dipendono dal clima. Ad ogni stagione corrispondono specifici problemi per i ruminanti. I tannini sono polifenoli naturali che possono essere integrati nella dieta per far fronte a questi problemi stagionali, ma non si sa quale effetto abbiano sulla qualità dei prodotti a seconda della stagione. Lo scopo di questa tesi è valutare l'effetto dei tannini in allevamento estensivo sulla qualità di latte e formaggio vaccino in stagioni diverse. Per prima cosa, è stata effettuata una fermentazione ruminale in vitro, incubando due diversi substrati – erba verde o fieno – con due estratti di tannino: tannini condensati (QUE) o tannini condensati e idrolizzabili insieme (MIX). Entrambi gli estratti hanno rallentato la bioidrogenazione ruminale solo quando aggiunti al fieno. Il MIX ha ridotto maggiormente la produzione di ammoniaca rispetto al QUE, ma solo in presenza del fieno. Gli estratti di tannino sembrano più efficaci nel modulare il metabolismo ruminale quando associati a una dieta a base di fieno. Inoltre, il MIX è stato più efficace nel proteggere le proteine dalla degradazione ruminale, fondamentale durante il pascolamento. Successivamente, delle vacche da latte di un allevamento estensivo sono state divise in due gruppi: un gruppo di controllo e un gruppo la cui dieta è stata quotidianamente integrata con 150 g di MIX pro capite (TAN). Durante l’esperimento, è stata analizzata la qualità del latte individuale. Inoltre, anche la qualità dei formaggi individuali prodotti a fine prova è stata analizzata. L'esperimento è stato eseguito due volte: in primavera, con il pascolo verde, e in estate, con il pascolo secco. In primavera non c'è stata praticamente nessuna differenza nel latte e nel formaggio tra i due gruppi. In estate, invece, il latte TAN aveva il 10% in meno di urea e una capacità antiossidante leggermente superiore. Inoltre, i tannini hanno ridotto gli acidi grassi a catena ramificata, il rapporto C18:1 t10/C18:1 t11 e il rapporto C18:2 c9t11/C18:2 c9c12. Riguardo al formaggio, il TAN aveva una concentrazione di C18:1 t10 inferiore e un minore rapporto ω-6/ω-3 di acidi grassi polinsaturi. I tannini non hanno avuto effetti negativi sulla caseificazione e sui composti aromatici del formaggio. L'effetto dei tannini sulla qualità di latte e formaggio vaccino è potenziato quando il pascolo verde non è disponibile. Ciò potrebbe avere applicazioni pratiche per un uso più consapevole delle fonti di tannino, come estratti, foraggi e coprodotti agroindustriali.
Dietary tannins in extensive farming: how the effects on cow milk and cheese change according to the season / Menci, Ruggero. - (2022 Feb 17).
Dietary tannins in extensive farming: how the effects on cow milk and cheese change according to the season
MENCI, RUGGERO
2022-02-17
Abstract
Extensive ruminant farming is characterized by the seasonal variation of the basal diet, as pasture availability and quality strictly depend on climate. A number of problems for cattle may occur in each season. Tannins are natural polyphenolic compounds that can be supplemented to the diet to overcome these seasonal problems, but it is not known whether and how their effect on product quality may change according to the season. This thesis aims to assess the effect of dietary tannins in extensive farming on cow milk and cheese quality in different seasons. In a first in vitro experiment, rumen content was incubated with two different substrates – green herbage or hay – including either of two tannin extracts differing for composition: condensed tannins (QUE) or a mixture of condensed and hydrolysable tannins (MIX). Both tannin extracts slowed down ruminal biohydrogenation only when added to hay. Adding MIX to hay reduced ammonia production more than adding QUE, whereas no difference between extracts was observed with green herbage. Tannin extracts were more effective in modulating rumen microbiota activity when associated with a hay-based diet. Also, the MIX extract was more effective in protecting proteins from ruminal degradation, a key point in grazing periods. Then, in an extensive farm, two groups of dairy cows were formed: a control group, and a group supplemented with 150 g of MIX per head per day (TAN). Throughout the feeding trial, individual milk was sampled and analysed for quality parameters. Also, individual cheeses produced at the end of the trial were analysed for quality parameters. The experiment was performed twice: in spring, with green pasture availability, and in summer, with the cows grazing on dry stubble. In spring, there was almost no difference in milk and cheese between control and TAN groups. Conversely, in summer, TAN milk had 10% lower urea and slightly higher antioxidant capacity. Dietary tannins reduced branched-chain fatty acids, C18:1 t10 to C18:1 t11 ratio, and C18:2 c9t11 to C18:2 c9c12 ratio in milk. Concerning cheese, TAN group had lower C18:1 t10 concentration and lower ω-6/ω-3 ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids. No detrimental effect of dietary tannins on cheesemaking and cheese aromatic compounds was observed. The effect of tannins on cow milk and cheese quality is enhanced when green pasture is not available. This could have practical implications for a more conscious use of tannin sources such as tannin extracts, forages, and agro-industrial co-products.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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