There has been a considerable increase in the interest of modern scholars in the Maltese archipelago under Roman rule, especially since the second half of the twentieth century (Coleiro, Cagiano de Azevedo, Rizzo, Bonanno, Bruno). Nevertheless, careful re-reading of the scarce but significant documents that exist (literary testimonies, inscriptions and coins, and, last but not least, the most recent acquisitions from the archeological digs), offers an opportunity for a comprehensive reconsideration of the aspects and effects of the Roman occupation of the islands of Malta and Gozo. The analysis of ancient sources regarding the geographical position of the Maltese archipelago forms a solid starting point not only in order to ascertain regional identity but also with a view to obtaining a deeper understanding of the geopolitical picture and the administrative aspects. It is without doubt that over a long period of time, between the late Republican age and Late Antiquity, Rome left a deep impression on the economy, society and culture of the islands even if not following a uniform trend but in different ways over time. Among productive activities, besides agriculture (clearly confirmed by the presence of numerous villae scattered around rural areas) and the rearing of sheep and goats, the sources document flourishing craftmanship, linked both to building and textiles and trades practised by the members of collegia funeraticia; the enrolments testify the different forms of ownership (private and imperial land, estates belonging to the Maltese ecclesia), that imply types and forms of management of island agrarian structures and show stratification of island society represented in all “managerial” levels, from the senatorial to the equestrian level and the ordo decurionum. The local élite, rich and refined, appears to be well-rooted in a high Greek-Roman cultural environment, as can be confirmed as early as the second and first centuries B.C. by the presence of statues and numismatic iconography, the decorative themes of which do not indicate a peaceful and steady assimilation, but rather a process of acculturation which from an initial resistance passed rapidly to a subsequent overlapping of cultures and finally to a gradual substitution of language and Punic and Greek iconography for more or less exclusively Roman motifs and Latin language. The Maltese archipelago was already at the centre of important routes in the late Republican age, as we can see from findings of Roman pottery dating back to the second and first centuries B.C., and also in the imperial age, as is testified by the presence of amphorae used to transport garum, oil, wine (and honey?), besides kitchen utensils and also the transportation of luxury items such as coral (?), valuable textiles and sought-after items like small dogs. The data regarding the importation of African pottery does not show an interruption during the fifth century; this demonstrates the fact that the climate of insecurity created by the Vandals did not immediately bring about an upset of the geopolitical factors or even a total block of communication in the large area of the Mediterranean. Rather than pinpointing a presumed break determined by the incursions of Vandals we must focus on the strategic importance assumed by the island in the Byzantine era and the connection of the defence structures, almost certainly linked to the protection of the increasing danger represented by Islamic invasions. If we want to speak about a break and a breaking up of the Mediterranean structure, it would be better to do this in relation to the Arab occupation of the second half of the ninth century.
Anche se l’interesse degli studiosi moderni per l’arcipelago maltese sotto il dominio romano ha conosciuto un particolare incremento soprattutto a partire dalla seconda metà del XX secolo (Coleiro, Cagiano de Azevedo, Rizzo, Bonanno, Bruno), un’attenta rilettura degli esigui ma significativi documenti noti – tra cui non soltanto le testimonianze letterarie ma anche quelle epigrafiche e numismatiche, ed ancora, ultimi ma non meno importanti, i dati più recentemente acquisiti dalle campagne di scavo – offre tuttavia l’opportunità per una riconsiderazione complessiva su aspetti ed effetti della romanizzazione nelle isole di Malta e Gozo. L’analisi delle fonti antiche concernenti la posizione geografica dell’arcipelago maltese costituisce già un solido punto di partenza non soltanto ai fini della determinazione dell’“identità regionale” ma anche in vista di una più profonda comprensione del quadro geopolitico e delle vicende amministrative. È indubbio, infatti, che in un lungo arco di tempo, fra età tardorepubblicana e Tarda Antichità, Roma abbia impresso una traccia profonda su economia, società e cultura delle isole anche se non secondo un trend uniforme, bensì attraverso modalità articolate e variabili nel tempo. Fra le attività produttive, oltre all’agricoltura (ampiamente confermata dalla presenza di numerose villae disseminate nelle aree rurali) ed all’allevamento ovo-caprino, le fonti documentano anche un fiorente artigianato, connesso sia all’edilizia, sia al settore tessile, sia ancora ai mestieri svolti dai membri di collegia funeraticia; le iscrizioni attestano le diverse forme di proprietà (terreni privati ed imperiali, fondi appartenenti all’ecclesia di Malta), che connotano tipologia e forme di gestione delle strutture agrarie isolane, e mostrano una stratificazione della società isolana rappresentata in tutti i suoi livelli “dirigenziali”, dal ceto senatorio all’equestre e all’ordo decurionum. L’élite locale, ricca e raffinata, appare ben radicata in un ambiente culturale ‘alto’ di impronta ellenistico-romana, come confermano, già nel corso del II e I sec. a.C., anche la statuaria e l’iconografia monetale, i cui temi decorativi, più che ad una pacifica e sincretistica assimilazione, fanno invece pensare ad un processo di acculturazione che da un iniziale contemperamento passò rapidamente ad una successiva sovrapposizione ed infine ad una progressiva sostituzione di lingua ed iconografia puniche e greche a vantaggio pressoché esclusivo di motivi romani ed idioma latino. L’arcipelago maltese fu al centro di importanti rotte già in età tardorepubblicana, come documentano i ritrovamenti di ceramica romana databile al II-I sec. a.C., ma anche in epoca imperiale, come è testimoniato dalla presenza di anfore usate per il trasporto di garum, olio, vino (e miele?), oltre che di vasellame da cucina, ma anche dall’esportazione di beni di lusso come il corallo (?), i tessuti pregiati, gli esemplari ricercati di una razza canina di piccola taglia. Proprio i dati relativi alle importazioni di ceramica africana, che non sembrano mostrare interruzioni durante il V secolo, costituiscono un’importante testimonianza del fatto che il clima di insicurezza creato dai Vandali non comportò tout court uno sconvolgimento degli assetti geopolitici o persino un blocco totale delle comunicazioni nel grande contesto mediterraneo. Più che individuare una presunta cesura determinata dalle incursioni vandaliche bisogna semmai cogliere l’importanza strategica assunta dalle isole in età bizantina e la connessa comparsa di strutture difensive, quasi certamente da collegare al profilarsi del crescente pericolo rappresentato dalle incursioni islamiche; se di cesura, dunque, si vuol parlare, se di scompaginamento dell’assetto mediterraneo si può discutere, ciò è possibile farlo piuttosto in relazione all’occupazione araba della seconda metà del IX secolo.
L’arcipelago maltese sotto il dominio romano
CASSIA, Margherita Guglielmina
2008-01-01
Abstract
There has been a considerable increase in the interest of modern scholars in the Maltese archipelago under Roman rule, especially since the second half of the twentieth century (Coleiro, Cagiano de Azevedo, Rizzo, Bonanno, Bruno). Nevertheless, careful re-reading of the scarce but significant documents that exist (literary testimonies, inscriptions and coins, and, last but not least, the most recent acquisitions from the archeological digs), offers an opportunity for a comprehensive reconsideration of the aspects and effects of the Roman occupation of the islands of Malta and Gozo. The analysis of ancient sources regarding the geographical position of the Maltese archipelago forms a solid starting point not only in order to ascertain regional identity but also with a view to obtaining a deeper understanding of the geopolitical picture and the administrative aspects. It is without doubt that over a long period of time, between the late Republican age and Late Antiquity, Rome left a deep impression on the economy, society and culture of the islands even if not following a uniform trend but in different ways over time. Among productive activities, besides agriculture (clearly confirmed by the presence of numerous villae scattered around rural areas) and the rearing of sheep and goats, the sources document flourishing craftmanship, linked both to building and textiles and trades practised by the members of collegia funeraticia; the enrolments testify the different forms of ownership (private and imperial land, estates belonging to the Maltese ecclesia), that imply types and forms of management of island agrarian structures and show stratification of island society represented in all “managerial” levels, from the senatorial to the equestrian level and the ordo decurionum. The local élite, rich and refined, appears to be well-rooted in a high Greek-Roman cultural environment, as can be confirmed as early as the second and first centuries B.C. by the presence of statues and numismatic iconography, the decorative themes of which do not indicate a peaceful and steady assimilation, but rather a process of acculturation which from an initial resistance passed rapidly to a subsequent overlapping of cultures and finally to a gradual substitution of language and Punic and Greek iconography for more or less exclusively Roman motifs and Latin language. The Maltese archipelago was already at the centre of important routes in the late Republican age, as we can see from findings of Roman pottery dating back to the second and first centuries B.C., and also in the imperial age, as is testified by the presence of amphorae used to transport garum, oil, wine (and honey?), besides kitchen utensils and also the transportation of luxury items such as coral (?), valuable textiles and sought-after items like small dogs. The data regarding the importation of African pottery does not show an interruption during the fifth century; this demonstrates the fact that the climate of insecurity created by the Vandals did not immediately bring about an upset of the geopolitical factors or even a total block of communication in the large area of the Mediterranean. Rather than pinpointing a presumed break determined by the incursions of Vandals we must focus on the strategic importance assumed by the island in the Byzantine era and the connection of the defence structures, almost certainly linked to the protection of the increasing danger represented by Islamic invasions. If we want to speak about a break and a breaking up of the Mediterranean structure, it would be better to do this in relation to the Arab occupation of the second half of the ninth century.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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