Medieval jurists found in Justinian’s Digestum (D.1.1.5, Hermogenianus) and in Gratian’s Decretum (D.1 c.9, Isidore of Seville) a representation of the law of nations (ius gentium) as a legal sphere that contained institutions and relationships common to all peoples beyond their religious faith. In the medieval political and religious context, the theoretical reflection on these issues, the legal interventions of the Roman pontiffs, the civil and commercial relations among peoples reveal a tension between the need to maintain the internal cohesion of the societas christiana and the recognition of common values which, regardless of faith, should shape relations among peoples. For example, the observance of peace agreements (foedera pacis, D.1 c.9) was indeed based on the natural requirement to keep one’s word (fides pactorum, pacta sunt servanda), but at the same time the jurists wondered whether it was lawful to conclude such agreements with infidels. Trade was indeed a relationship based on the ius gentium, but at the same time the Church set strict limits in relation to the ongoing hostility between Christians and Saracens (Third Lateran Council, c. Ita quorundam = X.5.6.6; Fourth Lateran Council, c. Ad liberandam terram sanctam = X.5.6.17). This essay explores the persistence of these problems in the early modern age, when new internal conflicts, caused by the division of the Christian world (was it possible to assimilate heretics to Saracens?), were added to the persistent external conflicts with the Turks (the «new Saracens»). Once the age of the decretals was over, the jurists of the early modern age debated the question of whether the old prohibitions established by the ius decretalium were compatible with the «rules of human society and Christian charity» (societatis humanae et christianae charitatis regulae) and with the needs of the «utility of trade» (utilitas commerciorum). The investigation focuses, in particular, on the works of two decretalists, Martín de Azpilcueta and Manuel González Téllez. In 1550 Azpilcueta published in Coimbra a long Relectio on c. Ita quorundam. In his commentaries on the Liber Extra González Téllez († 1678), a professor in Salamanca, also dealt with the ideas emerging from modern treatises on the law of war and peace (Alberico Gentili, Hugo Grotius).
I giuristi medievali trovavano nel Digestum di Giustiniano (D.1.1.5, Ermogeniano) e nel Decretum di Graziano (D.1 c.9, Isidoro da Siviglia) una rappresentazione del diritto delle genti (ius gentium) come sfera giuridica che racchiudeva istituti e relazioni comuni a tutti i popoli al di là della loro fede religiosa. Nel contesto politico e religioso medievale, la riflessione dottrinale su questi temi, gli interventi normativi dei pontefici romani, le relazioni civili e commerciali tra i popoli rivelano una tensione tra l’esigenza di mantenere l’interna coesione della societas christiana e il riconoscimento di valori comuni che, a prescindere dalla fede, dovrebbero improntare le relazioni tra i popoli. Per esempio, il rispetto degli accordi di pace (foedera pacis, D.1 c.9) era sì fondato sull’esigenza naturale di osservare la parola data (fides pactorum, pacta sunt servanda), ma nello stesso tempo i giuristi si domandavano se fosse lecito concludere tali accordi con gli infedeli. I commerci erano sì relazioni fondate sul ius gentium, ma nello stesso tempo la Chiesa poneva severi limiti in relazione alla permanente situazione di ostilità tra Cristiani e Saraceni (Concilio Lateranense III, c. Ita quorundam = X.5.6.6; Concilio Lateranense IV, c. Ad liberandam terram sanctam = X.5.6.17). Nel saggio mi propongo di esplorare la persistenza di questi problemi nella prima età moderna, quando nuovi conflitti interni, causati dalla divisione del mondo cristiano (era possibile assimilare gli eretici ai Saraceni?), si aggiungevano ai persistenti conflitti esterni con i Turchi (i “nuovi Saraceni”). Finita l’età delle decretali, i giuristi della prima età moderna discutevano il problema se le tradizionali proibizioni stabilite dal ius decretalium fossero compatibili con le “regole dell’umana società e della carità cristiana” (societatis humane et christianae charitatis regulae) e con le esigenze della “utilità dei commerci” (utilitas commerciorum). L’indagine si focalizzerà, in particolare, sulle opere di due decretalisti, Martín de Azpilcueta e Manuel González Téllez. Nel 1550 Azpilcueta pubblicò a Coimbra una lunga Relectio sul c. Ita quorundam. Nei suoi commentari sul Liber Extra González Téllez († 1678), professore a Salamanca, si confrontò anche con la moderna trattatistica sul diritto della guerra e della pace (Alberico Gentili, Ugo Grozio).
‘Diritto canonico medievale con gli occhi della modernità: Martín de Azpilcueta e il commercio tra cristiani e infedeli (Relectio sul c. Ita quorundam, 1550). Con un postludio su Emanuel González Téllez’
Condorelli O
2026-01-01
Abstract
Medieval jurists found in Justinian’s Digestum (D.1.1.5, Hermogenianus) and in Gratian’s Decretum (D.1 c.9, Isidore of Seville) a representation of the law of nations (ius gentium) as a legal sphere that contained institutions and relationships common to all peoples beyond their religious faith. In the medieval political and religious context, the theoretical reflection on these issues, the legal interventions of the Roman pontiffs, the civil and commercial relations among peoples reveal a tension between the need to maintain the internal cohesion of the societas christiana and the recognition of common values which, regardless of faith, should shape relations among peoples. For example, the observance of peace agreements (foedera pacis, D.1 c.9) was indeed based on the natural requirement to keep one’s word (fides pactorum, pacta sunt servanda), but at the same time the jurists wondered whether it was lawful to conclude such agreements with infidels. Trade was indeed a relationship based on the ius gentium, but at the same time the Church set strict limits in relation to the ongoing hostility between Christians and Saracens (Third Lateran Council, c. Ita quorundam = X.5.6.6; Fourth Lateran Council, c. Ad liberandam terram sanctam = X.5.6.17). This essay explores the persistence of these problems in the early modern age, when new internal conflicts, caused by the division of the Christian world (was it possible to assimilate heretics to Saracens?), were added to the persistent external conflicts with the Turks (the «new Saracens»). Once the age of the decretals was over, the jurists of the early modern age debated the question of whether the old prohibitions established by the ius decretalium were compatible with the «rules of human society and Christian charity» (societatis humanae et christianae charitatis regulae) and with the needs of the «utility of trade» (utilitas commerciorum). The investigation focuses, in particular, on the works of two decretalists, Martín de Azpilcueta and Manuel González Téllez. In 1550 Azpilcueta published in Coimbra a long Relectio on c. Ita quorundam. In his commentaries on the Liber Extra González Téllez († 1678), a professor in Salamanca, also dealt with the ideas emerging from modern treatises on the law of war and peace (Alberico Gentili, Hugo Grotius).I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.


