Mucosal leishmaniasis: an underestimated presentation of a neglected disease

We present a review of current knowledge about mucosal leishmaniasis (ML). Although involvement of mucous membranes isclassically admitted inNewWorld leishmaniasis, particularly occurring in infection by Leishmania (L.) braziliensis species complex,ML is also a possible presentation of OldWorld leishmaniasis, in either L. donovani or L. major species complex infections.Thus,ML has to be considered not only as a Latin American disease but as an Old andNewWorld disease.We describe ML epidemiology,pathogenesis, clinics, diagnosis, and therapy. Considering both its highly disfiguring lesions and its possible lethal outcome, MLshould not be underestimated by physicians.Moreover, leishmaniasis is expected to increase its burden inmany countries as sandflyvector distribution is widespreading towards non-endemic areas. Finally, the lack of clear understanding of ML pathogenesis andthe absence of effective human vaccines strongly claim for more research.