Active surveillance for low-risk prostate cancer: are all criteria similar?

Active surveillance (AS) is a therapeutic strategy for early-stage prostate cancer (PCa) conceived to balance early detection of aggressive disease and overtreatment of indolent tumor. Several active surveillance protocol have been published over the years, however the risk of misclassification still exist. In this review, we revised the current criteria of AS and evaluated the characteristics of potential risk factors of misclassification or deferred treatment. Although the follow-up of reported studies was a quite short compared to the duration of the disease, the data are sufficient to conclude that active surveillance should be offered to men with low-risk disease and to men with intermediate risk and poor life expectancy. The present challenge, in fact, is to differentiate the clinically silent disease from the unfavorable course by identifying the right timing for any deferred treatment. This is made particularly difficult by the absence of randomized controlled trials directly comparing different AS monitoring methods.