Treatment of large veins of the thorax in hemodialysis patients with arm swelling

Central vein stenosis and occlusion (CVSO) are conditions related to a major discomfort for a patient requiring prompt and efficient treatment to relief the symptoms. Although different strategies have been carried out in order to treat these conditions, the management of these stenoses is still to be clarified. In this article the authors will focus on the etiology, the incidence and the risk factors, with a particular light on the diagnosis and the management of CVSO.