New approaches in hepatitis B vaccination for celiac disease

Celiac disease (CD) is a gluten-induced immune-mediated disorder that has beenassociated with a defective response to the hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination. Thisunresponsiveness could lead to a world health problem, because non-responderpatients could represent a reservoir of HBV-susceptible people that will persistas healthy carriers, leading to the diffusion of the disease. This article presents aliterature review of both intramuscular (IM) and intradermal (ID) routes for boostersin celiac patients. We used PubMed database and generated the odds ratio (OR) ofthe response on the basis of electronic searches of clinical trials. Although our resultsconfirm the positive response of celiac patients to IM vaccination, the ID route seemsto be better than the conventional one, since it could provide a saving in cost and agreater immunogenicity.