Endothelial Reprogramming in Sports Traumatology: Role of the Widespread Neuro-Immuno-Endocrine-Endothelial System

Featured Application This paper considers the influence of sport on the human organism: "Sport as prophylaxis", "Sport as therapy", "General psycho-physiological connections in sport", "Athlete functional evaluation", and "Sport fitness". In particular, good endothelial function allows greater physique-athletic performances, so the endothelial functional evaluation can be introduced among the parameters tested in "Athlete functional evaluation". Under the theme "Endothelial reprogramming in sport activity", it emerged that a regular physical activity can cause modifications, including stable growth of endothelial vasodilating activity through NO production; a decrease of ET-1 levels; an increase of plasma NO/ET-1 ratio. These modifications can also be verified in elderly people, those with BMI > 25, and in menopausal women. Sport can protect from atherosclerosis, reduce the risk of atherothrombotic events in BMI > 25 people, and represent an alternative therapy of cardiac preservation in menopause. The neuroimmunoendocrine diffused system is the present pattern forming an integrated answer to the stresses. Analyzing, investigating, enriching, and coordinating the current knowledge on E. accumulated, we observe that it also complies with the same standards. Therefore, we propose the concept of the neuro-immuno-endocrine-endothelial diffused system as the new pattern forming an integrated answer to the stresses, offering a completer definition of the system directing omeostasys. So, we propose total plasma antioxidant capacity reckoning as a test that can be added at the routine-tests of sports fitness for those over 30 years of age, since coronary artery silent disease prevalence is higher for this population and endothelial function is a useful coronary artery disease biological marker. This paper deals with the role of the widespread neuro-immuno-endocrine-endothelial system in sport traumatology. The aim of this work is to see if sport or regular physical activity is able to reprogram the endothelium, to advance the new concept of neuro-immuno-endocrine-endothelial diffused system, and to introduce in the practice of sport medicine a new test in the fields of "Athlete functional evaluation" and "Sports fitness". The first object of this paper is to see whether sport or regular physical activity can change the functional structure of the endothelium. The second goal is to frame under a general view the knowledge and individual lines of research on endothelium, to highlight what we believe is, in the organization of homeostasis, the location of this 'organ', namely in the neuro-immune-endocrine system spread