Laryngeal leishmaniasis in a HIV‑positive patient: A case report and review of the literature

Laryngeal leishmaniasis represents an infrequent manifestation of mucosal leishmaniasis, and even rarer is the coexistence of mucosal and visceral relapse. The present study describes the case of the simultaneous occurrence of relapsing mucosal and visceral leishmaniasis in a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who was under secondary prophylaxis with liposomal amphotericin B. The clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches employed and the treatment regimen implemented are described herein. Furthermore, the present study discusses the implications of the co‑infection between leishmaniasis and HIV on the host immune response and the management strategies employed for relapsing forms. Emphasizing the necessity for the prompt initiation of targeted treatment to enhance clinical outcomes, the present study underscores the critical importance of maintaining a heightened level of suspicion for laryngeal leishmaniasis relapse in individuals with HIV exhibiting persistent laryngeal symptoms.