Prognostic significance of remotely monitored nocturnal heart rate in heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction

BACKGROUND Elevated resting heart rate is a risk factor for cardio-vascular events.OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical significance of nocturnal heart rate (nHR) and 24-hour mean heart rate (24h-HR) obtained by continuous remote monitoring (RM) of implantable devices.METHODS We analyzed daily-sampled trends of nHR, 24h-HR, and physical activity in patients on b-blocker therapy for chronic heart failure and with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators or cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillators (CRT-Ds). Patients were grouped by average nHR and 24h-HR quartile during follow-up to es-timate the respective incidence of nonarrhythmic death and device -treated ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation (VT/VF).RESULTS The study cohort included 1330 patients (median age 69 years [interquartile range 61-77 years]; 41% [n = 550] with CRT-D; median follow-up 25 months [interquartile range 13-42 months]). Compared with patients in the lowest nHR quartile (<57 beats/min) group, patients in the highest quartile group (>65 beats/min) had an increased risk of nonarrhythmic death (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR] 2.25; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.13-4.50; P = .021) and VT/VF (AHR 1.98; 95% CI 1.40-2.79; P < .001) and were characterized by the lowest level of physical activity (P < .0004 vs every other nHR quartiles). The highest 24h-HR quartile group (>75 beats/min) showed an increased risk of VT/VF (AHR 2.13; 95% CI 1.52-2.99; P < .001) and a weaker though significant asso-ciation with nonarrhythmic mortality (AHR 1.80; 95% CI 1.00-3.22; P = .05) as compared with the lowest 24h-HR quartile group (<65 beats/min).CONCLUSION In remotely monitored patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator/CRT-D on 0-blocker therapy for heart fail-ure, elevated heart rates (nHR >65 beats/min and 24h-HR >75 beats/min) were associated with increased mortality and VT/VF risk. nHR showed a stronger association than 24h-HR with worst prognosis and lowest physical activity.