Distinct Element Modelling of Masonry Walls under Out-Of-Plane Seismic Loading

The out-of-plane vulnerability of masonry walls plays a crucial role in the seismic response of existing structures. Depending upon mechanical properties and section morphology, collapse may occur by the onset of a mechanism or, as historic constructions often exhibit, leaf separation, disaggregation or sliding. In these latter cases, structural analyses based on rigid-body mechanics may overestimate the seismic capacity, thus resulting unconservative. The distinct element method (DEM), which represents masonry as an assembly of discrete blocks and nonlinear interfaces, could instead be used. Nevertheless, it is more complex and requires more input parameters, so it is still barely applied in engineering practice. In this paper, the seismic out-of-plane response of masonry walls was modelled with DEM. A shake table test on a two-leaf rubble stone masonry wall and a single-leaf wall in tuff blocks was simulated through nonlinear dynamic analyses. The mechanical properties of joints were calibrated on the basis of dynamic identification under low-intensity white noise input, leading to a good prediction of the seismic response. Then, they were further tuned based on the surveyed crack pattern for an improved matching between experimental results and numerical postdictions. Finally, the results provided by the limit analysis were discussed in the light of DEM simulations.