Inter-societal Delphi Consensus on the topical nasal treatments in Italy

Topical nasal therapy is widely used in clinical practice by di erent specialists. However, it is multifaceted and still controversial. Namely, there is no consensus about the many aspects, and there needs to be speci c guidelines. Four independent experts involved 14 Italian scienti c societies (concerning ENT, allergy, and pediatrics areas) to participate in generating an Intersocietal Delphi Consensus on this matter. ree iterative rounds collected experts (4 in the rst round, 20 in the second round, and 45 in the third round) designed by the scienti c societies based on their clinical expertise and documented scienti c value. irty-four statements were discussed and voted on. At the second round, all statements accomplished a very high consensus grade (>95%). At the third round, many statements reached a high or very high grade of consensus (>70%). However, some statements did not obtain su cient agreement. Consequently, there is a need to implement knowledge about this issue through educational initiatives and new studies conducted with a robust methodology. In conclusion, topical nasal therapy deserves adequate knowledge as it is widespread and fruitful in managing upper respiratory diseases.