The aim of this paper is to reflect on the relationship between humans and plants in the ancient world through the analysis of evidence relating to a very specific plant species, the asphodel, today identified as Asphodelus ramosus L., widespread in much of the Mediterranean basin (Italy, Spain, Portugal, Corsica, Greece). Unlike other plants such as mallow, which is often mentioned in the sources together with our plant, the “sad” asphodel was not cultivated or traded, nor it is present in a cookbook such as the one attributed to Apicius, but remains, from Homer to Late Antiquity, constantly associated with the “pale” world of the Underworld and considered edible almost only by sages in search of asceticism (Pythagoreans or neo-Pythagoreans vegetarians such as Apollonius of Tyana) and possibly by farmers in times of famine. Also present in various medical recipes (Galen, Oribasius, Aetius Amidenus, Alexander of Tralles, Paulus Aegineta, Hippiatrica), the root of the plant, together with numerous other ingredients, was intended to cure various human and animal ailments, but, not possessing the excellent organoleptic virtues of, for example, mallow, it failed to become a commonly used “alternative” food. On the other hand, the already Hesiod’s combination of mallow-asphodel, by combining the laxative effects of the mucilage of the mallow with those of the alkaloids of the asphodel, could produce an “ecstatic” and “visionary” condition in particularly charismatic characters (Epimenides of Crete, Pythagoras).
Scopo del presente contributo è quello di riflettere sulla relazione fra uomini e piante nel mondo antico attraverso l’analisi delle testimonianze relative a una specie vegetale ben precisa, l’asfodelo, oggi identificato con l’Asphodelus ramosus L., presente in buona parte del bacino del Mediterraneo (Italia, Spagna, Portogallo, Corsica, Grecia). A differenza di altri vegetali come la malva, spesso citata dalle fonti insieme alla nostra pianta, il “triste” asfodelo non fu oggetto di coltivazione né di compravendita né tanto meno è presente in un ricettario di cucina come quello attribuito ad Apicio, ma rimane, da Omero alla Tarda Antichità, costantemente associato al “pallido” mondo degli Inferi e ritenuto edibile quasi soltanto dai saggi in cerca di ascesi (pitagorici o neopitagorici vegetariani come Apollonio di Tyana) ed eventualmente dai contadini in tempo di carestia. Presente pure in diverse ricette mediche (Galeno, Oribasio, Ezio Amideno, Alessandro di Tralles, Paolo Egineta, Hippiatrica), la radice della pianta, insieme a numerosi altri ingredienti, era destinata a curare svariate patologie degli uomini e degli animali, ma, non possedendo le eccellenti virtù organolettiche proprie, ad esempio, della malva, non riuscì a diventare in effetti un cibo “alternativo” comunemente diffuso. Il binomio, già esiodeo, malva-asfodelo, d’altro canto, unendo insieme gli effetti lassativi della mucillagine della malva con quelli degli alcaloidi dell’asfodelo, poteva produrre una condizione “estatica” e “visionaria” in personaggi particolarmente carismatici (Epimenide di Creta, Pitagora).
Pianta dei defunti e cibo per i vivi in Grecia e a Roma: l’asfodelo tra religione e scienza
Margherita Cassia
2025-01-01
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to reflect on the relationship between humans and plants in the ancient world through the analysis of evidence relating to a very specific plant species, the asphodel, today identified as Asphodelus ramosus L., widespread in much of the Mediterranean basin (Italy, Spain, Portugal, Corsica, Greece). Unlike other plants such as mallow, which is often mentioned in the sources together with our plant, the “sad” asphodel was not cultivated or traded, nor it is present in a cookbook such as the one attributed to Apicius, but remains, from Homer to Late Antiquity, constantly associated with the “pale” world of the Underworld and considered edible almost only by sages in search of asceticism (Pythagoreans or neo-Pythagoreans vegetarians such as Apollonius of Tyana) and possibly by farmers in times of famine. Also present in various medical recipes (Galen, Oribasius, Aetius Amidenus, Alexander of Tralles, Paulus Aegineta, Hippiatrica), the root of the plant, together with numerous other ingredients, was intended to cure various human and animal ailments, but, not possessing the excellent organoleptic virtues of, for example, mallow, it failed to become a commonly used “alternative” food. On the other hand, the already Hesiod’s combination of mallow-asphodel, by combining the laxative effects of the mucilage of the mallow with those of the alkaloids of the asphodel, could produce an “ecstatic” and “visionary” condition in particularly charismatic characters (Epimenides of Crete, Pythagoras).I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.


