Divided subjects, no subjects, or standardized subjects? The interdependence between subjectivity and social practices in communication

Two recent articles have drawn attention to special kinds of speech acts inviting reflection on subjectivity in linguistic interactions: Bianchi (2024) refers to them as «unfinished speech acts»; Terkourafi (2025) as «partial speech acts». In both cases, the speech act being actually performed has to be finalized by the hearer. However, while Bianchi focuses on speech acts involving strategic speakers’ intentions, Terkourafi emphasizes instead the indeterminacy of communicative intentions, suggesting the idea of speech acts without antecedent subjectivity. I argue that this idea must be understood in terms of the absence of a coherent and transparent subject, while the literal claim of speech acts with no antecedent subjectivity is problematic for various reasons. Here, I focus on the risk of diverting attention from the fact that, in normal cases, speakers’ communicative intentions tend to align with social practices: our subjectivities are indeed standardized by the standardizing effect of social regularities. I will present this idea of standardized subjects with reference to three domains: the interdependence between social structures and subjects; the cognitive infrastructure this presupposes; and the role of conventions in linguistic behavior.