A case of impacted third molar from the prehistoric Hypogeum of Calaforno (Giarratana, Ragusa, Sicily): Reflections on the antiquity and evolutionary implications of this trait

Objectives: This study examines a rare case of an impacted third molar identified in a fragmented right mandibular hemiarch from the prehistoric Hypogeum of Calaforno (Giarratana, Ragusa, Sicily, Italy), dating to the Late Eneolithic period (2600–2300 BC). Design: A detailed osteological examination and palaeoradiological imaging were employed to analyze the mandibular fragment, leading to the identification of a horizontally impacted third molar pressing against the second molar. Results: The analyses revealed clear evidence of a horizontally impacted third molar, contributing to the limited bioarchaeological record of dental impactions in ancient populations. The findings are interpreted within the broader evolutionary history of third molar impactions, considering genetic, developmental, and dietary factors as potential influences. The study also underscores the value of incorporating modern radiological methods into archaeological research. Conclusions: This case provides new perspectives on the antiquity and potential prevalence of impacted third molars in ancient populations, suggesting that their apparent rarity in the archaeological record may be due to methodological challenges rather than an actual absence.