Enhanced bioactivity of selenium-enriched Spirulina platensis and selenium-containing phycocyanin compared to their non-enriched counterparts: A systematic review

Microalgae, particularly Arthrospira platensis, commonly known as Spirulina, are recognized for their ability to produce bioactive compounds with significant benefits across industrial, nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and energy sectors. Spirulina is especially valued for its high content of proteins, vitamins and essential minerals, including phycocyanin and selenium, which contribute to its potent antioxidant properties. The present systematic review was performed by searching major international databases (PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science) following the PRISMA methodology. A total of 12 studies were identified that specifically compared the antioxidant and/or cytotoxic efficacy of selenium-enriched spirulina (Se-SP) or selenium-containing phycocyanin (Se-PC) with their respective non-enriched forms. The findings consistently demonstrated that selenium enrichment enhanced the bioactivity of these compounds. However, future research is required to prioritize the safety of dietary selenium administration by defining clear minimum and maximum daily intake guidelines. Additionally, the health benefits of these compounds need to be examined across diverse population groups, considering variables such as sex, age and pre-existing health conditions that may influence responses to selenium consumption. It is crucial to further investigate the long-term safety of Se-SP and Se-PC intake, with particular emphasis on establishing appropriate dosage limits for various demographic groups to ensure safe and effective use in human health.