Multiband Radome Design for Satellite Communication Based on Particle Swarm Optimization

Radomes play a fundamental role in protecting antenna systems deployed in outdoor environments while preserving their electromagnetic performance. Due to their direct interaction with the radiated field, both structural and electromagnetic properties must be carefully engineered. This paper introduces a design methodology for advanced multilayer radomes intended for high-performance satellite communication systems, ensuring broadband transparency and compactness. As a case study, we consider several sub-bands spanning from 7.2 to 31 GHz and covering a broad range of incidence angles for both transverse-electric (TE) and transverse-magnetic (TM) polarizations. The proposed approach employs a particle swarm optimization algorithm to maximize transmission within the specified frequency bands by optimally adjusting layer thicknesses while accurately modelling the frequency-dispersive permittivity of the selected materials. This process yields a lightweight, high-transparency radome design suitable for multiband operation. The methodology was validated through full-wave simulations across six frequency bands using realistic dispersive materials. Results show excellent agreement between analytical and numerical models, with tolerance analysis confirming robustness against manufacturing deviations. The proposed framework demonstrates strong potential for the systematic design of next-generation multilayer radomes meeting the stringent requirements of modern satellite communication systems.