Pt-MOF nanozymes: synthesis strategies, catalytic mechanisms, and biosensing applications

Natural enzymes face limitations such as poor stability, high cost, and complex preparation, which are key factors restricting their use in traditional biosensors. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop highperformance, low-cost enzyme-mimicking materials for biosensing applications. As an emerging class of nanozymes, platinum-metal-organic framework (Pt-MOF) composites integrate the high catalytic activity of Pt into the tunable framework and confinement environment of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), making them promising candidates for stable and sensitive biosensors. In this review, we summarize the synthesis methods of Pt-MOF and elucidate the multi-scale catalytic mechanisms (including electronic synergy, spatial confinement, and active-site cooperation). Additionally, the design strategies and application advances in immunosensing, aptasensing, and enzymatic cascade sensing in food safety and biomedical detection are also surveyed. Moreover, we also discuss the challenges in controllable synthesis, environmental tolerance, catalytic specificity, and practical application. This review promotes the practical and industrial translation of Pt-MOF-based biosensing technologies in the fields of food safety and medical diagnostics.