Removal of manganese from water supplies intended for human consumption: a case study

In the Volcano Etna area (Sicily) a substantial part of groundwater, used for potable purpose, has concentrations of metals (vanadium, iron and manganese) higher than the maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) set by European and National regulations (European Directive 98/83 and D.Lgs. 31/2001). Specifically, high levels of manganese, up to 1810 μg/l, significantly exceeding the maximum contaminant level (MCL = 50 μg/l), were detected in groundwaters currently used as drinking water supply upwelled from the Etna Volcano aquifer. The paper presents the results of the manganese removal process by potassium permanganate oxidation followed by flocculation, settling and filtration. Batch tests were carried out varying pH, oxidant doses and polyelectrolytes. Two different filters (35 μm and 0.45 μm mesh) were tested as a final step of the treatment. Significant removal (up to 95%) was achieved by addition of polyelectrolytes at pH 8.5, with a 0.5 stoichiometric dose of oxidant and final filtration through 35 μm mesh filter