Fundamental rights in the European legal order, both as a limit on punitive power and as a source of positive obligation to criminalize

The article examines, first of all, the role of fundamental rights in the evolution of European law through the interpretation of the ECtHR (above all in the so-called “pilot” judgments) and the CJEU, and, secondly, how the recognition of fundamental rights by the European Courts influences and harmonizes the domestic legal orders, particularly in the field of criminal law. Viewed in this way, fundamental rights assume a double function: on the one hand as a limit on the punitive power of the State, and on the other hand as a source of positive obligation to criminalize in order to guarantee their protection. It is argued that the principle of proportional-ity represents the criterion used by the European Courts to evaluate the respect of fundamental rights within European and national legislation, in particular on the imposition of punitive sanctions, as provided for by Art. 49( 3) of the Nice Charter.