Ten questions concerning renewable energy communities

Renewable energy communities (RECs) represent a transformative approach to achieving sustainable energy systems at local levels. By integrating various renewable energy sources and advanced technologies, RECs can efficiently target energy self-sufficiency and endorse renewable distribution while promoting environmental, economic and social benefits. Despite their increasing relevance, the complexity of developing and operating RECs, as well as many of the management aspects regarding the distribution of shared energy and, therefore, the economic gain, necessitate comprehensive modelling and strategic planning. This paper addresses the multidimensional aspects of RECs though a structured approach based on ten pivotal questions, covering REC definition, technological components, optimization and simulation methods, monitoring and management strategies, business model and policies, and future urban trends such as Positive Energy Districts. The questions were selected considering a logical structure of all fundamental aspects and progressing from the initial state to the current and future of the RECs, based on an accurate assessment of the regulatory contexts, the supporting policies, the scientific literature and the results of case studies and carried out projects. The analysis highlights that RECs contribute significantly to achieving climate and social goals, yet their diffusion is deeply influenced by the regulatory framework, but economic incentives and citizen involvement also play a significant role for their success.